Your task is to make a text (Word) document, where to first copy the outputs (tables) of the crosstabs you are going to make in SPSS, including chi-tests. And then, you need to make a narrative comment (about 100-150 words each) after each crosstab, analysing the results.
I am writing a “quantitative methods” report on the topic “Does the level of family income impact dietary habits among children”. Your task is to make a text (Word) document, where to copy each of the outputs from the crosstabs, including the chi-test table and a few charts. You need to make a narrative comment (about 100-150 words each) after each crosstab, analyzing the results. Using crosstabs in SPSS and the dataset I’ve provided, the following need to be compared: Income2 and “does child eat variety of foods” Income2 and “take-away meal”, combined? with “fast-food meal” or in different crosstab Income2 and “how often meal with fresh ingredients” Income2 and “between meals – crisps” Income2 and “between meals – sweets” If you consider it appropriate, you could probably combine crisps and sweets in one category. The same is valid for the next pair. Income2 and “between meals – fruits” Income2 and “between meals – yoghurt” Income2 and “how many different vegetables yesterday” Income2 and “how many different fruits yesterday” You can see I have tried to combine the last two in a single variable, but I guess the data needs to be transformed into categorical data first… The Young People’s Survey on Violence and Relationships The Young People’s Survey on Violence and Relationships (Research Report) The data below was a question which has been recoded to depict female and male differences with reference to ‘being frightened or physically hurt’ by any argument they have had within an intimate relationship. The figures have also been portrayed by a bar graph to show the correlation of responses between the sexes. Table 1 - Have you ever been frightened, physically hurt or both? (Analysis divided by gender) Ever frightened or physically hurt Total yes, been frightened yes, been physically hurt yes, been frightened and physically hurt no yes, been frightened Sex Female Count 11 0 1 89 101 % within Sex 10.9% .0% 1.0% 88.1% 100.0% % within Ever frightened or physically hurt 78.6% .0% 50.0% 54.6% 54.9% Male Count 3 5 1 74 83 % within Sex 3.6% 6.0% 1.2% 89.2% 100.0% % within Ever frightened or physically hurt 21.4% 100.0% 50.0% 45.4% 45.1% Total Count 14 5 2 163 184 % within Sex 7.6% 2.7% 1.1% 88.6% 100.0% % within Ever frightened or physically hurt 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% As can be seen from table 1, 11% of women compared with only 3.6% of men have been frightened in a relationship. This result is perhaps shown more clearly in Chart 1. Here it can be seen that although men report a higher level of being physically hurt, they are less likely than women to report being frightened of violence which is interesting. It may indicate that women suffer more form threats which could be deemed as psychological abuse as opposed to actual physical violence. Table 2 – Young people who have suffered psychological abuse by a partner (analysis by gender). Crosstab recode psychological 12 Total has never has happened, at least once has never Sex Female % within Sex 33.6% 66.4% 100.0% % within recode 58.2% 54.5% 55.7% Male % within Sex 30.3% 69.7% 100.0% % within recode psychological 12 41.8% 45.5% 44.3% The chi square test in relation to table 2 indicates the results are non-significant as the significance rate is over 0.05. This is disappointing as the figures above relating to question 12, shows that a larger percentage of females (54.5%) when compared to males (45.5%) have been victims of psychological abuse ‘at least once’. If this was shown as significant, it would be illustrious in showing a relevant trend in relation to the studies in the literature review and also in answering the research questions posed. Table 3 - Young people who have perpetrated psychological abuse toward a partner (analysis by gender) Crosstab Recoded psych 13 Total has never Has happened, at least once has never Sex Female % within Sex 32.1% 67.9% 100.0% % within Recoded psych 13 51.2% 58.1% 55.7% Male % within Sex 38.5% 61.5% 100.0% % within Recoded psych 13 48.8% 41.9% 44.3% Chi-Square Tests for table 3 Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 1.099(b) 1 .295 Continuity Correction(a) .835 1 .361 Likelihood Ratio 1.096 1 .295 Fisher's Exact Test .346 .180 Linear-by-Linear Association 1.094 1 .296 N of Valid Cases 246 a Computed only for a 2x2 table b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 38.11. Table 3 above, relating to question 13 shows that when the crosstab was conducted males are more likely to have perpetrated psychological abuse (38.2%) compared to females (32.1%). However when the chi-square test was performed the statistical significance was not met (X2 = 1.1; df = 1, p = > 0.05 (p =0.295). These figures are interesting, even though they are deemed non-significant by the chi-square test. The figures relating to females portray they have been victims of psychological abuse in greater numbers. Table 4 - Young people who have suffered physical abuse by a partner (analysis by gender) Crosstab Question 12 - Recoded Total has never has done one, at least once has never Sex Female % within Sex 56.2% 43.8% 100.0% % within Recode physical 12 61.6% 49.6% 55.7% Male % within Sex 44.0% 56.0% 100.0% % within Recode physical 12 38.4% 50.4% 44.3% Chi-Square Test for table 4 Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 3.596(b) 1 .058 Continuity Correction(a) 3.125 1 .077 Likelihood Ratio 3.604 1 .058 Fisher's Exact Test .072 .038 Linear-by-Linear Association 3.581 1 .058 N of Valid Cases 246 a Computed only for a 2x2 table b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 53.61. Table 4 (recoded) relates to the victims of physical violence. 43.8% of females suppose they have been victims of physical abuse committed within an intimate relationship. Whereas 56% of males also feel they have been victims of physical abuse also within an interpersonal relationship. The chi-square test however does not deem these findings as significant as they are above 0.05 but as are not too far over at 0.58, these are the most relevant results ascertained throughout this project. If the results had only been significant, it would challenge the views put forward by the three research articles suggestions (provided in the literature review) which suggest males seem to perpetrate violence within intimate relationships. Perhaps a larger sample could have been sufficient in making this result significant. Table 5 - Young people who have perpetrated physical abuse toward a partner (analysis by gender) Crosstab Question 13 - Recoded Total has never has done one, at least once has never Sex Female % within Sex 56.2% 43.8% 100.0% % within Recoded phys 13 55.0% 56.6% 55.7% Male % within Sex 57.8% 42.2% 100.0% % within Recoded phys 13 45.0% 43.4% 44.3% Chi-Square Tests for table 5 Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square .063(b) 1 .802 Continuity Correction(a) .015 1 .904 Likelihood Ratio .063 1 .802 Fisher's Exact Test .897 .452 Linear-by-Linear Association .063 1 .802 N of Valid Cases 246 a Computed only for a 2x2 table b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 46.97. Table 5 recoded a question in correlation to perpetrators of physical abuse reports that 43.8% of females have instigated physical violence within a relationship ‘at least once’ whereas only 42.2% of males say they have performed a violent act toward an intimate partner. The chi-square test deems these figures as non-significant. Similar to the previous research question the figures show that men are less likely to commit the act in question and also less likely to be the victim. Again the figures do not seem to reflect an authentic response on behalf of the participants. Table 6 - Young people who have suffered sexual abuse by a partner (analysis by gender) Crosstab Question 12 – Recoded Total has never has done one, at least once has never Sex Female % within Sex 67.9% 32.1% 100.0% % within recode sexual 12 55.0% 57.1% 55.7% Male % within Sex 69.7% 30.3% 100.0% % within recode sexual 12 45.0% 42.9% 44.3% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square .096(b) 1 .757 Continuity Correction(a) .029 1 .864 Likelihood Ratio .096 1 .757