You will write a paper examining the moral and ethical issue of approving, agreeing or disagreeing with a decision.You will have the single perspective of Morton Thiokol (the company’s...

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You will write a paper examining the moral and ethical issue of approving, agreeing or disagreeing with a decision.








You will have the single perspective of Morton Thiokol (the company’s perspective).












Ethics are the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the conduct of the members of a profession.








Morality is the concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong conduct.


















All professions – business, medicine, teaching, law and engineering – have adopted codes of ethics to guide professional behavior. All of these codes generally state that the professional should “do what’s right.” The problem is the person/professional who is defining what is “right”.












Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties:














  1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.














  2. Perform services only in areas of their competence.














  3. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.














  4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.














  5. Avoid deceptive acts.














  6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
























Background:












The U.S. Congress passed legislation establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America’s activities in space, on July 29, 1958.


















NASA was created in response to the Soviet Union’s October 4, 1957 launch of its first satellite,




Sputnik I


. The 183-pound, basketball-sized satellite orbited the earth in 98 minutes. The




Sputnik





launch caught Americans by surprise and sparked fears that the Soviets might also be capable of sending missiles with nuclear weapons from Europe to America. The United States prided itself on being at the forefront of technology, and, embarrassed, immediately began developing a response, signaling the start of the U.S.-Soviet space race.



















On the bitterly cold morning of January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds after its launch from Cape Canaveral, crashing into the Atlantic Ocean from an altitude of some 50,000 feet. All seven astronauts aboard were killed including Christa McAuliffe, a high school teacher who had been selected as part of a national “Teacher in Space” initiative. An investigation later found that NASA had known that extreme cold temperatures could result in damage to the spacecraft’s rubber O-rings—which separated its rocket boosters and prevented fuel leaks—but elected to go ahead with the launch, anyway, prompting widespread outrage and the temporary suspension of the space shuttle program.












The space shuttle was engulfed in a cloud of fire just 73 seconds after liftoff, at an altitude of some 46,000 feet (14,000 meters). It looked like an explosion; the media called it an explosion and even NASA officials mistakenly described it that way initially. But later investigation showed that in fact, there was no detonation or explosion in the way we commonly understand the concept. A seal in the shuttle’s right solid-fuel rocket booster designed to prevent leaks from the fuel tank during liftoff weakened in the frigid temperatures and failed, and hot gas began pouring through the leak. The fuel tank itself collapsed and tore apart, and the resulting flood of liquid oxygen and hydrogen created the huge fireball believed by many to be an explosion.












After the collapse of its fuel tank, the Challenger itself remained momentarily intact, and actually continued moving upwards. Without its fuel tank and boosters beneath it, however, powerful aerodynamic forces soon pulled the orbiter apart. The pieces—including the crew cabin—reached an altitude of some 65,000 feet before falling out of the sky into the Atlantic Ocean below. It’s likely that the Challenger’s crew survived the initial breakup of the shuttle but lost consciousness due to loss of cabin pressure and probably died due to oxygen deficiency pretty quickly. But the cabin hit the water’s surface (at more than 200 mph) a full 2 minutes and 45 seconds after the shuttle broke apart, and it’s unknown whether any of the crew could have regained consciousness in the final few seconds of the fall.












Directions:








The paper needs to follow APA format.












Remember, APA includes a coversheet/title page, abstract page, body of the paper, conclusion, and references on a separate page.














  1. Watch the following video:











    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-O_DMyHdq_M

















  2. Write a paper describing the decision and position of Morton Thiokol (this is the engineering company).














  3. Hindsight is a luxury, provide at a minimum 2-3 paragraphs describing your position and actions that you, an engineer, believe is correct and/or the right actions to take.












Answered Same DayApr 18, 2023

Answer To: You will write a paper examining the moral and ethical issue of approving, agreeing or disagreeing...

Deblina answered on Apr 19 2023
29 Votes
The Ethics of Decision-Making        2
THE ETHICS OF DECISION-MAKING: MORTON THIOKOL’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE SPACE-SHUTTLE CHALLENGER DISASTER
Abstract
This paper examines the moral and ethical considerations that were involved in the decision made by Morton Thiokol, an Engineering Company to approve the launch of the Challenger space shuttle. The Challenger disaster is discussed along with the role of the organization in the tragedy. The definition of ethics and morality is provided followed by an explanation of the professional codes of ethics and their relevance to
engineers. The fundamental canons of the code of ethics of NSPE have been discussed and analysed. The ethical considerations that were relevant to the organization's decision-making we had discussed and the conflicting values and interests at play are identified. The moral responsibilities of the organization as an Engineering Company are evaluated. The impact of the organization's decision on the public and the engineering profession is also analysed. The paper concludes with a summary of the organization's decision and its ethical implications along with the importance of adherence to the professional codes of ethics for engineers and the lessons learned from the Challenger disaster for future engineering decisions.
Table of Contents
Introduction    4
Ethics and Morality    4
Morton Thiokol’s Decision    5
Ethical Consideration    7
Professional Ethics to Challenger Tragedy    8
Conclusion    10
References    12
Introduction
The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 was a tragic event that claimed the lives of seven astronauts. This was mainly because of the failure of a seal in the shuttle's right solid-fuel rocket booster. This was designed to prevent leaks from the fuel tank during the lift-off. The decision to launch the shuttle despite the warnings about the risk posed by the cold temperature was criticized by many. Morton Thiokol the Engineering Company that designed the booster was one of the parties who was involved in the decision-making process. This particular discussion will focus to examine the moral and ethical issues involved in approving and agreeing or disagreeing with a decision from the perspective of Morton Thiokol. It is obvious to mention that the decision to approve the launch was based on several factors and it is effective to consider the moral and ethical points.
Ethics and Morality
Ethics and morality are important considerations in any profession including engineering. Ethics refers to the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the profession while morality concerns the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong conduct. Professional codes of ethics have been adopted by many professions including engineering to guide professional behaviour (Sheppard et al., 2020). For engineers, these codes include holding paramount the safety health, and welfare of the public, performing services only in the areas of their competence, issuing public statements only in an objective and truthful manner, acting for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, avoiding deceptive act and conducting themselves honourable responsibly, ethically and lawfully to enhance the honour, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. These codes are relevant to engineers because they help and sure that professionals in the field act in the best introduce for society and prioritize safety above all else.
Morton Thiokol’s Decision
The Space Shuttle Challenger was said to launch from the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida. However just seconds after the lift of the shuttle broke apart and exploded killing all 7 crew members on board. The disaster was attributed to a failure in the O-ring seal on one of the solid rocket boosters which allowed hot gases to escape and ignite the main fuel tank. The tragedy shocked the world and led to a lengthy investigation into the cause of the accident.
Morton Thiokol was the company which was responsible for designing and manufacturing the solid rocket boosters used in the program. Before the launch of the Challengers engineers of the organization raised concerns about the potential failure of the seals of the rocket booster. It is obvious to recommend about the contextual issue that the engineers raised was the fact that the working conditions of the booster were not tested during the cold weather conditions (Pendaroska et al., 2020). Along with the aspects of the certain rings aware design to prevent hot gases from leaking out of the rocket booster. But it had no experience of how it operated at very low temperatures as it tended to become brittle and cloud crack. This also concerned the engineers about the catastrophic failure that it might lead to because of the uneven circumstances. The officials of NASA were eager to proceed with the launch despite these concerns and the organization ultimately approved the decision to proceed with the launch (Morrison et al., 2022).
Several factors have influenced the decision to approve the launch of the challenges including the financial pressure. Along with these aspects schedule pressures and a desire to maintain a positive relationship with NASA were one of the major aspects of the organization. The company had a long-standing relationship with NASA and was heavily dependent on the space shuttle program for its revenue. Additionally, there was a significant amount of pressure from NASA to keep the launch on schedule as the agency was under pressure to meet its goal of completing a large number of shuttle missions each year.
Ultimately the executives in the organization may have felt that approving the launch...
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