Write an essay of about 2000 words on ONE of the following topics. Your essay should make use of all the materials in the course that deal with your topic as well as at least one book plus one article or book chapter; OR the course materials plus two books from the list provided for your topic. The works that you use in addition to the course materials must be by at least two different authors. You are, of course, encouraged to use more materials than this minimum, but you are not required to do so. All the materials listed are available online via the AU Library, unless otherwise indicated. Many are also available in print through the Athabasca University library or a library in your vicinity.
Assignment One 2,000 words Topic Two: Describe the nature of society in New France Materials: Roger Magnuson, Education in New France (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992). Patricia Simpson, Marguerite Bourgeoys and Montreal, 1640–1665 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1997). Terence J. Fay, A History of Canadian Catholics: Gallicanism, Romanism and Canadianism (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002). Jean-Claude Dubé, The Chevalier de Montmagny, 1601–1657: First Governor of New France (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2005). Francine Legaré, Samuel de Champlain, Father of New France (Montreal: XYZ Publishing, 2004). Marcel Trudel, Biography of Samuel De Champlain at Dictionary of Canadian Biography On-Line. Canada and the United States 457 and the uneven but wider diffusion of Freudian intel- lectual influence within various cultural and profes- sional worlds. Psychoanalysis in Australia survived chiefly along the latter path, demonstrating both the virtues and pitfalls of intellectual eclecticism. Damousi emphasizes that throughout Australian society efforts to reconceptualize the self allowed psychoanalysis to gain footholds in several spheres of life. Preserving those footholds, however, remained a difficult task, with fluctuating success. Damousi describes well the contrast between the nar- row growth of the psychoanalytic profession in Austra- lia and the more widespread incorporation of Freudian ideas within the culture at large. Formal analytic train- ing in Australia did not begin until after 1940, under the nearly exclusive guidance of the emigre Hungarian an- alyst, Clara Lazar-Geroe. In the 1960s Australian psy- choanalysts themselves began to train future practitio- ners, but by 1964 Australia still had only eight licensed analysts. That number did not increase significantly un- til the 1970s with the immigration of British and Ar- gentinean therapists. Damousi persuasively explains that despite the small numbers, significant encounters occurred among Freudian, Kleinian, and Lacanian views. In fact, in Melbourne, Argentinean psychoana- lysts created the first school in the English-speaking world dedicated to Lacanian analysis. As Damousi makes clear, the psychoanalytic move- ment did not develop in Australia, as it did elsewhere, around a single founding, charismatic, or controversial figure. The reader does, however, encounter many in- triguing participants in the story: for example, the late- Victorian physician, John Springthorpe, who at the turn of the century appealed to his medical peers to accept, or at least consider, key Freudian ideas, including the theory of sexuality; the psychiatrist, Reginald Ellery, gadfly of the mental health profession, reformer in the treatment of psychoses, and theorist of Surrealism, who helped to bring Hungarian analysts to Australia during World War II; and Irene Sebire, one of the first female psychiatrists in Australia, whose clinical interests in- cluded family counseling and treating the effects of war on child development. Damousi also includes an in- sightful commentary on the psychoanalytic anthropol- ogy of the better-known Hungarian analyst, Geza R6- heim and his contribution to an unprejudiced approach to the study of Australia's Aboriginal communities. Individuals such as those above reinforce Damousi's argument that the psychoanalytic movement in Austra- lia evolved not from a core of organized support but from individuals or groups who responded eclectieally to issues within their own professional, intellectual, and social worlds. On this point, Damousi's book is highly instructive. The author traces the ways in which a wid- ening interest in psychological understanding and in the subjectivity of the self remained common to otherwise eclectic responses. Evidence of that interest Damousi finds not only in professional or theoretical tracts but equally significantly in such popular sources as letters written by listeners to radio psychiatrists. During World War I, the need to comprehend and heal wartime trauma—or shell shock—gave urgeney to efforts at exploring the subjective experiences of indi- viduals, and in particular, psychoanalytic efforts at ex- amining the traumatic effects of unconsciously held memories. In the interwar period, Freudian ideas gained further credence among diverse individuals: pastoral caregivers who saw in psychoanalysis a means to reach the soul's depths; social workers who stressed the influence of family dynamics on the health and ed- ucation of children; and psychiatrists who turned to analysis as a new method of listening to their patients' sufferings. Yet, as Damousi explains, Freudianism gained little ground until Australian soeiety experi- enced mass changes in the 1940s and 1950s: first, the disruption of family, work, and community caused by World War II, followed by the Cold War effort at re- inforcing political and social conformity, with an em- phasis on the family as a crucial locus of that campaign. As Damousi describes, in postwar decades psycholo- gists, counselors, and intellectuals continued to apply psychoanalysis in various ways. Some enlisted psycho- analytic ideas to give medical and social justification to the trends toward conformism and adaptation—the subject of necessary and intensive critique by the Aus- tralian women's movement in the 1960s. Others, how- ever, challenged conformist trends in the name of self- autonomy and radical respect for inward experience and awareness. The author presents a balanced history, although perhaps inevitably in an account that covers so much ground, the story that Damousi tells becomes fragmen- tary in several places. Still, the book raises intriguing social and theoretical questions, such as how the inter- action in Australia of British Kleinian psychoanalysis, Hungarian analysis inspired by Sandor Ferenczi, and the Lacanian movement might produce new applica- tions of Freudian paradigms. Damousi's book is the product of valuable historical reflection. LOUIS ROSE Otterbein College CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES JEAN-CLAUDE DUBE. The Chevalier de Montmagny (1601-1657): First Governor of New France. Translated by ELIZABETH RAPLEY. (French America Collection, number 10.) Ottawa, Ontario: University of Ottawa Press. 2005. Pp. xxvi, 381. Cloth $65.00, paper $35.00. Jean-Claude Dube is well known for his biographies of eighteenth-century French colonial intendants. Writing an account of Canada's first titular governor in the 1600s posed two challenges. Charles Huault de Mont- magny followed the famous Samuel de Champlain, and he will always be compared with the admired explorer- administrator. Moreover, Champlain left a series of books and letters that make it easy to delineate his char- acter. Dube worked with more limited sources. The ad- ministrative papers of Montmagny's regime were AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW APRIL 2006 458 Reviews of Books mostly destroyed, and there is no series of private let- ters to disclose the inner man—although his actions tes- tify to an intense religious devotion. The author has had to piece together Montmagny's story from church records, notarial documents, a few official dispatches, and the published letters of missionaries and a nun. His account of the governor's activities in Canada is often a paraphrase of the Jesuits' annual reports. Nonetheless, this governor deserves our attention. A free Huron translation of Montmagny, "Onontio" [Big Mountain], became the Natives' name for all subse- quent governors of the French North American colony. During his governorship (1636-1648) the colony went from a precarious missionary and fur-trading outpost, with some 350 European residents, to an infant agri- cultural settlement with nearly 700 colonists. In this pe- riod the first schools and convents were established in Canada, Montreal Island was colonized, and the fur trade was taken over by a colonial company. The gov- ernor tried to protect the colonists by keeping the Iro- quois in check while conciliating his Native allies and strengthening the colony's defenses. He preferred ne- gotiation to war when dealing with the Iroquois because his military resources were so small. Maintaining the flow of furs to the French was a perpetual concern. Ever the optimist, he planned for the development of Que- bec as a city. Montmagny's later appointment by the Order of Malta to the governorship of its Caribbean island of Saint-Christophe indicates that he had per- formed well in Canada. The book describes his career in three geographic regions, but New France is empha- sized for Canadian readers. Despite Dube's diligent research in France, Malta, and Canada, his subject remains a shadowy figure. Gov- ernor de Montmagny is presented as the heroic embod- iment of admirable qualities: courage, devotion to duty, wisdom, prudence, perseverance, and piety. According to the writer, Montmagny's education by the Jesuits and his 1622 induction into the Knights of Malta left a de- cisive imprint. In chapter five the author asserts that other members of that order also had an influential role in New France. This claim depends on conjecture and unverifiable possibilities. When dealing with Mont- magny alone, he is on surer ground. This viceroy served France's king, the Roman Cath- olic Church, and the Maltese order. For Montmagny, the institutions were entirely compatible. Context for the governor's career comes from a history of the Hua- ult family but, above all, from his membership in the Knights of Malta. As recent entrants into the nobility of the robe, the Huaults had to invent an ancient aris- tocratic lineage for themselves to overcome barriers to commoners. The writer neatly dissects their imaginary heritage. To become a knight in the Maltese order, one had to be a member of the old nobility. Dube argues that Montmagny's membership in this martial and re- ligious order determined his conduct. The order gave him a military apprenticeship in warfare against the Turks. Resisting Muslims in the Mediterranean and spreading Christianity abroad were complementary ac- tivities. In Canada Montmagny eagerly helped Jesuit missionaries among the aboriginal peoples and was prominent in religious observances. Priests praised Montmagny in their published letters. The writer accepts the perspective and language of his pious sources: zealous Christians were drawn to Canada because "Providence was at work" (p. 135), and Montmagny's aunt dies "in the odor of sanctity" (p. 292). In 1626 Montmagny "felt himself touched by grace, and converted to a more austere life and a greater perfection in the practice of Christian virtues" (p. 125). If this apostolic warrior had imperfections, we do not hear about them. Montmagny's abandonment of his determination to deny European firearms to Indians is not mentioned. In 1643 he rewarded converts to Christianity with firelocks. His dealings with Native people, when their transformation into Christians was the object, are not questioned. This well-researched bi- ography presents a reverent and very sympathetic por- trait that may not satisfy a secular-minded reader. Elizabeth Rapley's translation of the French text seems to be well done. Vague phrases, such as "a cer- tain quality of life" or "the Iroquois phenomenon," are probably traceable to the author. The Spanish-derived "reduction" is used to describe Christian mission vil- lages, a suburb "gave towards the West," and social ad- vancement is termed "ascension" but, generally, Eng- lish-speaking readers will find the vocabulary familiar and understandable. Dube can be thanked for filling the void in our knowledge of Montmagny by reconstructing his true origins, by telling the story of his service as a Knight of Malta, and by completing the account of his colonial service in