BIOL2254 Tutorial 3 Assessment Rubric Semester 2, 2021Page 1 of 4 RMIT Classification: Trusted Part 1 Rubric: High Distinction Distinction Credit Pass Not satisfactory Total Marks All...

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Answer To: BIOL2254 Tutorial 3 Assessment Rubric Semester 2, 2021Page 1 of 4 RMIT Classification:...

Preeti answered on Nov 01 2022
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Myc
Myc (avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog), a family of regulator genes and protooncogenes, encodes for the transcription factor. The studies says that Myc is involved in trigger of selective gene expression amplification that leads to cell growth and proliferation (Stine et al., 2015). The Myc family includes three genes related to humans: c-myc, l-myc, and n-myc. The c-myc or v-myc, was th
e first myc protein that was discovered in 1970s. In an avian acute leukaemia virus (MC29), which is involved in promotion of malignancies and the transforming sequence of MC29 was identified as v-myc. The discovery of Myc leads to the realization that transformation of an oncogene could be caused by the cellular gene activation (Wasylishen & Penn, 2010). Thus, Myc leads to the understanding of how the cellular genes are involved in the tumorigenesis. Myc are involved in several biological functions. These include: Myc is involved in the cell growth and its proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. The increase in cell growth was due to increase in protein synthesis and cellular metabolism (Iritani & Eisenman, 1999; Schuhmacher et al., 1999). This activity is being supported by many of the universally regulated Myc target genes, even those which are included in mitochondrial and ribosomal biogenesis, cell metabolism, protein synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis (Wasylishen & Penn, 2010). It has also been studied that deregulated Myc have high rate for specific gene amplifications and involved in instability of the chromosomes. The Myc are also being studied in their involvement in the stimulation of neovascularization, which has also been validated in several in vivo models. This is mainly because of angiogenesis suppresser thrombospondin downregulation and also because of the release of interleukin 1β. In recent studies, the Warburg effect and tumour cell metabolism has been associated with Myc biological activity. It has also been studied that Myc is involved in the promotion of glutaminolysis (Dang et al., 2009). This increase in glutamine production has been associated with increase in cell proliferation and growth, which are important for the survival of tumour cells. It has been recently studied that overexpression of Myc gene could be involved in reprogram of terminally differentiated fibroblasts and its induction to pluripotent stem cells (Wernig et al., 2007).
Figure 1: Myc protein and its involvement in various biological activities (Wang et al., 2021)
The transcription factor c-Myc plays an essential role in the maintenance of homeostasis of cell, and its deregulation has been associated with several cancer and hence, Myc protein can be considered as a good target for the development of cancer therapeutics. There have been many studies that involves the generation of cancer therapeutics against the Myc protein. Some of them are discussed below:
In a recent study by Singh et al., an in-silico alanine scanning mutagenesis has been used for the identification of hot spot residues at the X interface of c-Myc associated factor. This is highly disordered and has not been analysed for the binding sites for potential small molecules. In this study, they screened some potential inhibitor molecules by following conformation ensemble approach. They also used biophysical approach and has identified that the putative molecules with these hot spot residues displayed the non-covalent interactions. They also performed the in vitro studied and validated the potency of these molecules by deregulating the Myc activity against the c-Myc expressing cancer or stem cells. The computational as well as the biophysical studies confirmed the binding of these potent molecules with the disordered c-Myc protein (Singh et al., 2022).
In a recent study the researchers discovered MYCi975 using bioinformatic approach, which is a small molecule Myc inhibitor that is being involved in the disruption of MYC/MAX dimerization and this disruption enhances the proteasomal-mediated degradation of Myc which in turn decrease the...
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