Will there be a role for psychology in the future given current and ongoing advances in neuroscience? If so, what will this role be and why?
- Many ways to approach
- Do not use:
- Mentalism
- Mental causation
- Assume both do not exist/are not correct and that reductionism is correct
- 2,000 word limit
- No abstract
- Answer question; Yes or no, not both.
- Not about which one is better, looking at the applications and their advantages
- Can neuroscience understand everyone at an individual level
Running head: SHORT TITLE1 SHORT TITLE7 PSYC2007 Biological Basis of Behaviour Long Title of Your Essay Some Student The Australian National University Long Title of Your Essay The first line of each paragraph should be indented (1.27cm). The main part of your essay should be in 12 point Times New Roman font, double spaced, with no additional space before or after each paragraph. The “long title” of your essay can be up to 12 words and should be a reasonable description of your topic. It should be typed in a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, for example, “The Biological Basis of Anterograde Amnesia”. It should appear on the title page (page 1 here) and also at the top of page 2. It should be centred, 12 point Times New Roman font, and should not be bolded, underlined or coloured. The “short title” of your essay (which appears in the page header) should be 3-5 words long and should be typed in all capital letters. For this you can use a very basic description of your topic, for example, “NEUROBIOLOGY OF MEMORY”. If you are defining specific terms in your essay, the first time you mention them you should write them in italics. For example: “The guilty knowledge test (GKT) is used in forensic settings to assess concealed knowledge or memory regarding details of a crime (Iacono, 2008).” It is acceptable to use acronyms and initialisations to abbreviate long technical terms (as I have done with the GKT in the preceding paragraph), particularly where this is a standard abbreviation used in the literature. If you do this, make sure that you define what the acronym/initialisation means the first time you use it. Some examples of standard abbreviations include: EEG (electroencephalogram); fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging); MRI (magnetic resonance imaging); BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent); PET (positron emission tomography); CAT (computerised axial tomography); CT (computerised tomography); TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation); CNS (central nervous system); CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy); WM (working memory); STM (short-term memory); LTM (long-term memory); LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus); TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation); NGF (nerve growth factor); GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid); DA (dopamine); VTA (ventral tegmental area). First Level Subheading You can use subheadings in your essay if it is appropriate (although you do not have to!) Whether or not you use subheadings will depend on your essay topic and how you structure your essay. The first level subheading should be 12 point Times New Roman font, double spaced, bold, and centred, with no additional space above or below. Second Level Subheading You can also use second level subheadings in your essay. Second level subheadings should be 12 point Times New Roman font, double spaced, bold and left aligned, with no additional space above or below. You should not need to use more than two levels of subheadings in an essay of this length. (Note that if you were writing a lab report of 2,000 words you could use three levels of subheadings, particularly in the Method where there are multiple subsections.) Finally, you may wish to include figures in your essay. In this case, ensure that you include a reference to the figure in text: for example, “as shown in Figure 1” or “(see Figure 1)”. Also write a caption below the figure and make sure you indicate the original source of the figure. Figures should be placed within the main essay, not at the end of the paper. Ideally you should place the figure as close as possible to the paragraph in which you refer to the figure. Figure 1. The figure caption should be single-spaced in 12 point Times New Roman Font, left aligned. The caption should describe the material that is presented in the figure; it is acceptable to copy a figure from another paper but you should not copy their caption word for word! Make sure you rewrite the description in your own words. At the end of the caption, indicate where the figure is copied from. From “Neural mechanisms of addiction: The role of reward-related learning and memory” by S. E. Hyman, R. C. Malenka, and E. J. Nestler, 2006, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 29, p. 571. Copyright 2006 by Annual Reviews. References Caterina, M. J., & Julius, D. (2001). The vanilloid receptor: A molecular gateway to the pain pathway. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24(1), 487-517. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.487 Costigan, M., Scholz, J., & Woolf, C. J. (2009). Neuropathic pain: A maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32(1), 1-32. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135531 Eichenbaum, H. (2004). Hippocampus: Cognitive processes and neural representations that underlie declarative memory. Neuron, 44(1), 109-120. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.028 Eichenbaum, H., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C. (2007). The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30(1), 123-152. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094328 Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1481-1489. doi: 10.1038/nn1579 Fitzgerald, M. (2005). The development of nociceptive circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(7), 507-520. doi: 10.1038/nrn1701 Hyman, S. E., Malenka, R. C., & Nestler, E. J. (2006). Neural mechanisms of addiction: The role of reward-related learning and memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 29(1), 565-598. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009 Julius, D., & Basbaum, A. I. (2001). Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature, 413(6852), 203-210. doi: 10.1038/35093019 Kalivas, P. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2005). The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(8), 1403-1413. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403 Kerr, F. W. L., & Wilson, P. R. (1978). Pain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 1, 83-102. Kilts, C. D., Schweitzer, J. B., Quinn, C. K., Gross, R. E., Faber, T. L., Muhammad, F., . . . Drexler, K. P. G. (2001). Neural activity related to drug craving in cocaine addiction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(4), 334-341. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.4.334 Maldonado, R., & Rodrı́guez de Fonseca, F. (2002). Cannabinoid addiction: Behavioral models and neural correlates. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(9), 3326-3331. Marchand, F., Perretti, M., & McMahon, S. B. (2005). Role of the immune system in chronic pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(7), 521-532. doi: 10.1038/nrn1700 McGaugh, J. L., Cahill, L., & Roozendaal, B. (1996). Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: Interaction with other brain systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(24), 13508-13514. Packard, M. G., & Knowlton, B. J. (2002). Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 563-593. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937 Parsons, R. G., & Ressler, K. J. (2013). Implications of memory modulation for post-traumatic stress and fear disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), 146-153. doi: 10.1038/nn.3296 Potenza, Marc N., Sofuoglu, M., Carroll, Kathleen M., & Rounsaville, Bruce J. (2011). Neuroscience of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for addictions. Neuron, 69(4), 695-712. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.009 Schacter, D. L., & Loftus, E. F. (2013). Memory and law: what can cognitive neuroscience contribute? Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), 119-123. doi: 10.1038/nn.3294 Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 20, 11-21. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 Squire, L. R., & Wixted, J. T. (2011). The cognitive neuroscience of human memory since H.M. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 34(1), 259-288. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113720 Squire, L. R., Wixted, J. T., & Clark, R. E. (2007). Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe: a new perspective. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(11), 872-883. doi: 10.1038/nrn2154 Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P. (2013). Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing. Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), 139-145. doi: 10.1038/nn.3303 Wager, T. D., Rilling, J. K., Smith, E. E., Sokolik, A., Casey, K. L., Davidson, R. J., . . . Cohen, J. D. (2004). Placebo-induced changes in fMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science, 303(5661), 1162-1167. doi: 10.1126/science.1093065 Weiss, F., & Porrino, L. J. (2002). Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction: Recent advances and challenges. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(9), 3332-3337. PSYC2007/6010: Essay Overview Will there be a role for psychology in the future given current and ongoing advances in neuroscience? If so, what will this role be and why? In this essay you will assume that mental causation does not exist. Word count: 2000 maximum. For those doing the masters course (PSYC6010) the word count is 2500. Things to consider Essentially you are considering the question of whether psychology will ultimately be subsumed by neuroscience/biology. Your essay will be arguing for a particular point of view, either psychology will eventually be subsumed by neuroscience, or it will not. This is not an essay on philosophy. You will need to define your terms, but do not get involved in a philosophical argument. Philosophy is interesting, but not the topic we are doing here. This essay topic is way more pragmatic. Given the complexity of the brain and how it generates psychological constructs, will it be more effective, in certain situations, understand things at the psychological level instead of a neuroscience one. Focus isn’t on which approach (neuroscience or psychology) is intrinsically better Think over the issues we covered in lectures,