Why does Ho see "smart11ess" as an "ideology" and not an empirical fact? Clearly, many students come to the Ivies with excellenr grades, welldeveloped skills, and broad-based general knowledge, but...

Why does Ho see "smart11ess" as an "ideology" and not an empirical fact? Clearly, many students come to the Ivies with excellenr grades, welldeveloped skills, and broad-based general knowledge, but does "smartness" actually refer to gualities like these? Or does "smartness" signify something more complex? How does "smartness·· help to create a sense of group solidarity and exclusiveness, and in what ways might it accentuate the students' fears about not fitting in? If students like Princeton's Katherine Reilly understand that "smartness" exerts pressure on people to embrace a narrow set of t'xpecrations, why does hers remain rhe minority view?