Which of the following would be an example of vicarious classical conditioning? a. As a young child, Tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a...

Which of the following would be an example of vicarious classical conditioning?

a. As a young child, Tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider.

b. Tommy is told about a new product from a close friend and decides to buy it for himself.

c. A cat responds to the sound of a bell because it sounds similar to a bell it hears on the television.

d. Tonja watches her grandfather check the air pressure in her bike tire and then use a hand pump to add air to the tire. She is later able to check the air pressure and pump up the tire herself.