When it comes to working out the expected numbers for your Chi-square test, use the total number of...

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When it comes to working out the expected numbers for your Chi-square test, use the total number of flies counted for the relevant categories, and from that, work out what number would be expected if the flies came in the proportions stated in your null hypothesis.
The Chi-square test only needs to be done on males OR females, not on both sexes. The number of relevant categories are different for males and females, so this means that your degrees of freedom will be different when looking up the Chi-square value in the table. As females had some categories with a zero expectation, we shall simply ignore them for the test and only work with TWO expected categories (thus ONE degree of freedom), while for the males, we have four expected categories and thus THREE degrees of freedom.5- i want you just to write about FEMALE GENETICS because in this report you have to choose one gander

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Application of Chi-square Application of Chi-square test in analyzing genetic test in analyzing genetic data dataUse of Chi-square test Use of Chi-square test • One dimension of Categorization • One dimension of Categorization • To determine if the observed results • To determine if the observed results deviate from expected frequencies deviate from expected frequencies • Two dimensions of Categorization • Two dimensions of Categorization • To determine if two categorical • To determine if two categorical variables are associated variables are associated • (Chi-square test of association) (Chi-square test of association) •Chi-square test procedures Chi-square test procedures • Set the null hypothesis • Set the null hypothesis • (There is no deviation from expected frequencies or • (There is no deviation from expected frequencies or no association between two categorical variables. ) no association between two categorical variables. ) • Calculate the Chi-square value • Calculate the Chi-square value • Determine the degree of freedom • Determine the degree of freedom • Refer to the Chi-square critical value • Refer to the Chi-square critical value table for corresponding probability table for corresponding probability • Decide whether to reject the null Decide whether to reject the null • hypothesis hypothesis

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Robert · Accepted Answer

Abstract: 
In this practical experiment the main aim was to see whether the observed data supports the 
theoretical ratio of outcome of two traits (Wing type: Vestigial wings and Normal Wings, and 
Eye colour: Red Eyes, White eyes) in normal fruit flies or not, i.e. in simple words if we cross 
the normal fruit flies having these two traits then the theoretical outcome of mixed traits is 
validated by the practically collected data or not.  To test this interest a chi square test has 
been used. The outcome of the test statistic (Chi-sq test statistic) was larger than the critical 
value thus implying rejection of null hypothesis. And suggested that the observed data does 
not validate the expected ratio is 6:0:2:0 for F2 generation of female Drosophila.  
Introduction: 
Genetics is one of the important topic in biology. We can simply call it the study of Heredity. 
The “genes” in parents body decides which kind of genes the children or offspring’s are 
going to have. Due to the factor “gene” we can see the different kinds of people like White, 
Black, and Asian etc.  
The study of genetics is not that old like the other subjects. The study of Modern Genetics 
started with the work of Gregor Johann Mendel. And after that many well-known persons  
In this practical example a wild type (normal wings) and a mutant type (vestigial wing/ white 
eyed) are cross bred and the observed data are used to check whether the theoretical ratio is 
validating by these data or not. The three years Class results for Drosophila melanogaster F2 
generation are the considered data here the main aim to test whether these data suggests that 
the ratio is correct. 
Symbols: 
Here the used symbols are as follows: 
VG: allele for vestigial wing (recessive). 
+vg: allele for normal wing (dominant). 
  : allele for normal (red) eyes (dominant). 
  : allele on the X-chromosome for white eyes (recessive). 
The following table shows the different Genotypes and Phenotypes in different generations: 
 GENOTYPES PHENOTYPES 
P: (  Y +vg+vg) x      VG VG) White males x vestigial 
females 
F1: (    +vg+vg) x (   +vg+vg) White females x wild males 
F2: (    VGVG) / (    +vgVG) / (  Y VGVG) 
/ (  Y+vgVG) /   (  Y +vgVG) / (  Y 
Vestigial females/ wild 
females/ wild males/ vestigial 
VGVG) males/ white males/ white 
vestigial males
Note: The data of class Results for F2 generation for Year 2011, 2012 and 2013 are given in 
Appendix. 
Results: 
Here the considered data is the whole data for all three years and the considered gender is 
female only. 
The hypothesis in this case is, 
H0: The F2 phenotypic ratio for females of Drosophila melanogaster agree with theoretical 
ratio 6:0:2:0 
Ha: H0 i.e. null hypothesis is not true. 
Here using a Chi-sq test is the most appropriate.

When it comes to working out the expected numbers for your Chi-square test, use the total number of flies counted for the relevant categories, and from that, work out what number would be expected if...

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