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FLUID MECHANICS AND BLOOD PUMPS FLUID MECHANICS AND BLOOD PUMPS Technical Report/ Project This report is composed on detailed study on blood pump and its function in human body. Types of blood pump and their applications has also been discussed in detail along with the limitations in their operations and their effect in human body 5/26/2017 NAME OF STUDENTS STUDENT ID(s) Muhammad Naseer Ahmad 12512238 Muhammad Saad Salman 12729202 Swaroop Madathil Kuniyil 11852074 Dipak Vilas Chaudhari 12762148 Reyan Ahmad 12797926 Contents Contents3 Prelude4 Background to the development of blood pumps:5 Discussion on Human Blood as a fluid:6 Property of blood:7 Comparison between blood pump and water pump:8 Issues of Blood Pumps8 Flow rate:8 Pressure:9 Size:10 Speed:11 Power supply:12 Materials:12 Reliability:13 Blood Damage and Blood Clot14 COMPARISON OF IMPORTANT ASPECTS RELATED TO BLOOD PUMPS OF DIFFERENT DESIGNS AND DIFFERENT USAGES17 Centrifugal Pumps17 Roller pumps18 PUCA Pump18 Axial-Flow Pumps19 Hemo pump19 IBA Pump20 Success Rates of Blood Pump in maintaining human lives21 Comparison between Jarwick 7 and Abiocor blood pumps:22 Case study24 Development and Usage24 Limitations26 Important Issues related to Blood Pumps27 Blood Clothing28 Thrombosis28 CONCLUSION29 REFERENCES30 Prelude Human heart is one of the most kernel organs of our body as it serves the vital function of pumping the blood throughout the body. Because of this intrigue function it has many resemblances with contemporary turbomachines like pumps. Modern medicine has attained cutting edge advancements, despite which coronary illness remains a major cause for death all over the world. One of the most widely recognized complication with respect to cardiovascular ailments is complete or partial heart failure, that is, inability for the heart to yield enough blood into the blood circulatory system. In light of this, biomedical engineers have innovated mechanical pumps to serve as a support for circulating blood and maintaining consistent blood pressure and flow in the body during various emergency circumstances where the heart loses its functional ability. These devices, commonly known as heart pumps, have been adopted for various distinct designs and have received widespread applications in the field of medicine. Given that heart pumps are aimed to provide vital lifesaving support during critical situations, their reliability and precision need to be of highest value and so the engineers and designers cannot afford to leave even minute space for errors and chances. The physical and flow characteristics of blood as a working fluid influence the overall concept of blood pump. Furthermore, it is also essential to understand blood disorders such as thrombosis and haemolysis, which could possibly occur during heart failures and cardiac surgeries. The blood pumps must be adequately designed to handle such situations without hampering its normal operation. This is why fluid mechanics assumes an imperative role in the design and development of blood pumps as cardiac supports. This field of study deals with the comprehension and analysis of factors that administer the blood circulation in human bodies, thus aid in development of this advanced medicinal instruments that help save millions of people during cardiovascular failure. This report explores the improvement of contemporary blood pumps, the complexities of human blood as an operating fluid, and provides an insight into the relevance of fluid mechanics is resolving critical challenges faced in designing and developing this life saving medical device. Additionally, the key contrasts between blood pumps and water pumps are investigated, with correlations of different designs and their varied applications. Background to the development of blood pumps: The motivation behind manufacture blood pump is to create an artificial heart for pumping blood to the organs and tissues of body that need oxygen and supplements it conveys. The heart pump is aimed to give indispensable life support during critical conditions. The first ever invented blood pump is work with manual operation by hand and discovered by porter and Bradley in year 1855. This pump utilizes a roller that move along a blood filled tube and compelling the blood out of tube. This turn out to be both productive and viable in the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and it permitted surgeons to on an open heart in a generally dry and bloodless field. After three decades of its inventions it was modified by the E.E. ALLEN and manufacture first modified version of roller pump named by the “Surgical Pump” and was purposed for direct blood transfusion. A few year later in year 1891, some analyst and researcher including Beck, Van Allen, Bayliss , Muller and Traux improved the first roller pump by refined the mechanical assembly and developing the first double roller pump. This pump allowed regulating the thrust and pressure upon the tube of the blood pump by radially alters the travelling roller. Other modifications were made in following decades for better usage in blood transfusions and in applications such as dialysis and also its first time used as heart lung machines. (Frank Merkle, 2003) [Fig. 1 Allen Surgical pump] Today, roller pump is the most frequently used blood pump for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery worldwide instead of previous pulsatile tube pressure pump and ventricular pump. It’s truly stimulating the pumping activity of the heart. The gadgets might be utilized as ventricular help gadgets for left or right ventricular support or it’s totally supplant the heart and go about as a manufactured embed heart . In addition, The minor blood pump developed by NASA is now being utilized as a part of clinical trials to connect the time crevice between a heart patient's requirement for prompt support and the accessibility of a contributor heart.; it has been affirmed for business deals in Europe and is now being utilized as a part of clinical trials in the U.S. Also in future blood pump is developed with novel control algorithms that intelligently combine sensor less device. It is robust sensor that preload stream controller for implantable revolving blood pumps that consequently adjusts to changing patient conditions. [Fig.2 pulsatile pump] (Office) [Fig. 3 miniature pump developed by NASA] Circumstances wherein artificial pumping of blood needed: · An arrangement of blood pumps is being created that will without a doubt play a vital part in the treatment of heart illness like heart transplant surgery to support heart until heart transplant surgery completed. · Artificial heart is used when patients is suffering from problems of unstable hemodynamic, blood pressure problem, organs damage or stress. Discussion on Human Blood as a fluid: The human blood is an isolation of two complex liquid substances. Firstly, essential segment called Plasma, constituting 55.6% by volume. It is made out of 91.1% water and remaining being broken up proteins and minerals. The remaining 44.4% of the blood volume is constituted by blood cells, platelets and other characteristic blends. Solely, plasma goes about as a Newtonian fluid. In any case, abnormality is induced when distinctive parts of the blood are incorporated, thus requesting blood as a rule as a non-Newtonian fluid, with a shear rate of around 100 sec-1. As it streams, the platelets tend to frame totals. With consistent increment in the yield stress, the aggregates forms are breakdown to littler units. At the point when the weight is kept up, the cells stay single and the anxiety stream relationship ends up directly (D.A McDonald et al, 1974). This behaviour can be portrayed as a Bingham body; consequently reasoning that blood is a non-Newtonian liquid with Bingham properties (J.P. Woodcock, 1975). Despite the fact that the consistency of plasma is similar to that of water, the nearness of red platelets expands the thickness of blood to as high as five times that of water. An expansion in number of red platelets has an immediate relative increment in the thickness record of blood. Aside from haematocrit, variables, for example, hydration level, body temperature and grouping of blood mixes and minerals impact the physical properties of blood. Property of blood: 1) Density of blood: Blood has higher density than water and their value varies depending on the number of blood cells present. Human blood has a density of approximately 1060 kg/m3 at approximately 39 °C and density of blood plasma is 1025 kg/m3. 2) Viscosity of blood: viscosity of blood varies depending on the applied stress because blood is Newtonian fluid and temperature is another factor which affects the viscosity of blood. Viscosity increases about 2.5% for each degree decrease in temperature. In addition, shear rate of blood is factor which reveals the two different nature of blood as shear rate over 100/sec, blood can be behave like Newtonian fluid. (Rachain J.) [Fig.4 shear rate vs. shear stress in blood] 3) Blood flow and pressure: The flow rate of blood through the blood vessel is proportional to the pressure difference at various points in the vessel. The flow of blood is always in direction from a higher pressure region to lower pressure region. Also the resistance produce from the friction between wall and blood inversely affect the flow of blood. The following equation describes the relationship between flow rate, pressure and resistance. Flow (Q) = pressure difference (ΔP)/ resistance (R) Comparison between blood pump and water pump: Considering two identical pumps of same outline, development and working conditions, aside from one pumps water and another blood pump, the essential difference would be power require to drive the pump for same output because the blood as a fluid is five time more viscous than water hence higher amount of power required to overcome resistance. Furthermore, another important factor for distinction is the effectiveness of the pump. In case if water pump it is possible to achieve maximum efficiency and speed, however, it is not possible to drive pump at maximum efficiency if the driven fluid used is blood. One more differences the duration of their use. For external blood pump the duration is quite similar to simple water pump. However, for internal pump (artificial pump) duration time is significantly lesser than usual pump because it is generally working on battery power. Generally there are main two types of pump use today which are dynamic pump and positive displacement pump. However, it is not possible use these both pump as artificial blood pump because it does not allowed the fluid to back flow. Issues of Blood Pumps Flow rate: The flow rate of a blood pump varies from person to person. On an average the flow rate of heart ranges from 4L/min to 35l/min. in case of a blood pump the rate can be designed and varied depending upon the physical exertion of the patient. The rate of flow of blood on human body varies depending upon the hormonal, emotional and physical fluctuations. Therefore it is necessary to design blood pumps as per the individual requirements. The flow rate of a healthy heart at