Water flows through a fully confined sand aquifer with a piezometric head gradient of 0.025.
(a) If the hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity of the aquifer are 1.72 m/d and 0.45, respectively, estimate the specific discharge and seepage velocity in the aquifer.
(b) estimate the volumetric flow rate of the groundwater if the aquifer is 45 m deep and 1.2 km wide.
(c) How long does it take a dissolved contaminant in the groundwater to move 1 km?