Vomiting and diarrhea result in hydrogen ion disturbances by causing . . .
a. decreased blood flow and shifting of cells from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism, which results in the production of lactic acid
b. decreased renal function and decreased excretion of hydrogen ions in the urine
c. a significant bicarbonate loss in diarrheal stools
d. two of the above
e. three of the above
f. none of the above
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