View the resource document Preview the document, in particular, the slides focused on the SCW, and watch these two videos before preparing your intervention in this discussion.
Based on the evidence you have reviewed, defend the thesis that the SCW was both an intrinsically Spanish conflict and also very connected to important international political events that contributed to the onset of World War II.Make sure you refer to concrete examples presented in the materials you consulted.As you prepare your response, keep in mind that the SCW is still influencing Spanish society today, as can be seen by the controversial exhumation of Franco's remains that took place October 24, 2019.Invite peer feedback. Ask a question that invites a contribution from your peers. The purpose is to further explore the dual dimension of this conflict and to further refine our understanding of this conflict.The peer reply should also provide substantive comment and expand on the topic using the resources in the module.
video 1:( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05_tghbhlfM&feature=emb_title)video 2:(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAYXsf_sHBU&feature=emb_title)
Spain: 1931-1975 Second Republic Civil War Franco’s Dictatorship 1 Second Republic (1931-1936) • Jubilation • First truly representative democracy • Promises modernity and social justice • Recognition of regional autonomy • Lay education • Trepidation • Menace to Spanish unity • Foreign influences • Atheism 2 Second Republic (1931-36) 3 • Civil liberties • Women are given the right to vote • Divorce laws • Separation of Church and State • Agrarian reform Reforms • Worldwide recession and budget deficit • Political fragmentation of the left (center-left Republicans, Socialists, and Communists) • Absence of a culture of consensus Obstacles to reform Second Republic (Jan-July 1936) 4 • Popular Front (Frente Popular), a merging of many leftist parties In 1936, a government of the FAR LEFT led by Azaña wins the elections: • National Front (Carlists, Monarchists, Falangists) • Falange (José Antonio Primo de Rivera) Growing opposition of the FAR RIGHT Second Republic (Jan-July 1936): Chaos 5 Civil disorder Peasant strikes and land occupation Polarization and fear • Fear from the Right: social revolution is imminent • Fear from the Left: an army coup is imminent Assassination of Calvo Sotelo, 13 July 1936 Alzamiento (Uprising), 18 July 1936 The Last Democratic Elections before Civil War 6 Civil War: The Sides 7 Republican Army: The Loyalist Army • España (Zona) Republicana (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, other eastern and northern cities) The Rebel Army: The “National” Army • España (Zona) Nacional (the south, rural areas, Galicia, Canary Islands) 8 http://www.vmapas.com/Europe/Spain/Spanish_Civil_War_Map_1936_1939.jpg/maps-en.html Civil War: The Sides 9 Civil War: The Sides 10 11 Civil War: Political Divisions 12 Loyalists • Republicans and left-wing parties • Some sectors of the peninsular army Rebels • Monarchists, Carlists, Falangists, Civil Guard, Spanish colonial army in Morocco, Foreign Legion Civil War: Violence 13 • Upper-class elites • Church leaders Loyalist Zone (20-50 K political killings) • Members of Leftist Parties National Zone (50 K political killings) The Issues of War (for Rebels) 14 Territorial integrity vs. regional separatism Catholicism vs. godless Communism and Anarchism “True” Spain vs. “Foreign” Spain of Marxists and freemasons Insurgency conceptualized as a Crusade that would give back to Spain her glorious imperial past True Spain vs Foreign Spain 15 The Civil War as a Crusade 16 The Issues of War (for the Republi can govern ment) 17 • Liberal democracy vs. conservative privileges • Redistribution of land • Catalan and Basque Nationalisms Republicans • Revolution over war: internal divisions • Fails to build a centralized popular army Problem: 18 The Civil War as Revolution 19 The Civil War as Revolution Civil War: Foreign Support • Loyalists • Soviet Union • International Brigades: Idealistic volunteers from Europe and the Americas. Lincoln Battalion • “Let’s make Madrid the tomb of fascism” • 35 K men • Nationalists • Fascist Italy (50K troops) • Nazi Germany (Condor Legion) • Guernica, April 1937 20 Key Offensives: Madrid 21 • Battle of Madrid: “No pasarán” • Strong popular resistance defends Madrid until 1939 • The siege of the Alcázar, Toledo • An enduring symbol of the Cruzada • “The Alcázar will not surrender” • Barcelona falls in January 1939 • Madrid falls in April 1939 • 600 K killed during the war • Hundreds of thousand flee to France, USSR, America (Argentina, Mexico, United States) 22 • Symbols: Toledo’s Alcázar and Battle of Madrid 23 Symbols: Guernica The end of the war 24 Victory Parade 25 http://img15.imageshack.us/i/75949934.jpg/ Causes of Nationalist Victory 26 • Discipline and armament of the National Army • Centralization of the command • Foreign Aid • National Movement • Spain would be totalitarian, unitary, anti-capitalist, anti-Marxist, and of course, Catholic Causes of Republican Defeat 27 • Politically divided fighting units • Popular militias, anarchists, republicans, Catalan and Basque nationalists • Lack of coordination • Lack of support of other democracies 28 Caudillo-Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (1892-1975) 29 • Born in Galicia • Entered the Army at 18 years old • Made his name in North Africa as a respected and feared leader in the Spanish Foreign Legion • Participated in the violent repression of the October Revolution in Asturias, 1934 • Values: discipline, unity of the Spanish nation, distrust of politicians • Chosen as Commander in Chief of the rebel army (Burgos, 21 September 1936) The Dictatorship (1940’s) 30 • No forgiveness for the defeated • The War continues until Spain rids herself of her enemies • Democracy • Atheism • Capitalism • Large-scale repression • 40 K killed (executions until 1944) • Hundreds of thousands imprisoned The Dictatorship (1940’s) 31 Conservative and authoritarian regime • Dios, Patria, Rey • Anachronistic • Supported by the Church, the Army, Landowners, and Fascists Fascist symbols prominently displayed Law of Succession (1947) • A Catholic monarchy without a monarch • Franco as Regent will reserve the right to choose the next king Paradox: • During the Franco regime Spain becomes an industrial and modern nation Valley of the Fallen 32 Franco’s Spain: Symbols 33 Franco’ Spain: Symbols 34 The New Order Spain, “The spiritual reserve of the West” 35 Franco’s Dictatorship Timeline 36 Hunger and Repression 1940’s A Timid Liberalization 1950’s Prosperity and Opposition 1960’s Final years 1970’s Hunger and Repression (1940’s) 37 • Political Repression • 250 K leftist militants imprisoned and tried • 40,000 officially recognized executions (1940-45) • 528 K fled as refugees • A little more than 100 K returned in 1939 • Censorship in Press, Film and Art Hunger and Repression (1940’s): World War II 38 Spain, a non-belligerent country • Neutral in the Western European front • Pro-Germany in the Russian Front • División Azul fought to defend the Anti- Communist German forces (1941-43, 50 K troops) Spain offered sanctuary to Anti- Nazi refugees Spanish citizenship to Sephardic Jews in the Balkans Ostracism: 1945-1949 • UN resolution condemns the Regime (1946) • Ambassadors withdraw from Spain • Franco the only fascist remnant after Allied victory • Stability of the Regime despite Western hostility • French border reopens 1948 • Foreign ambassadors return to Madrid 1948 • Bi-lateral Spanish-American Pact (1953) 39 Prosperity • Rise in European standard + Low Peseta • Tourism • 4 M tourists in 1959 - 14 M in 1963 • $129 M (1959) – $919 M in 1963 • Emigration • 1.25 M Spaniards working in Europe (Germany, France) between 1960- 1973 • $5,000 M in revenues for Spain • Foreign Investment • Improvements in health, nutrition, and education • Still regional disparities • Rural exodus 40 Tourism: Flamenco, Bullfighting 41 Beginning of Prosperity • Finally, in the 60s Spain starts becoming a modern country • A country with a professional middle class • Begin industrialization • Decrease of the influence of the Church • Liberalization of attitudes (despite the regime) 42 Opposition: Regional Nationalisms and Communism 43 • A European and democratic project Catalan Nationalism • Terrorism: ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, 1959) • 47 political assassinations between 1968- 1975 • Symbol of resistance against Franco regime Basque Nationalism • Policy of National Reconciliation Communist Party Opposition, 1960-70’s, ETA 44 Assassination of Carrero Blanco (ETA) 45 Franco’s final years 46 Spain grants independence to Spanish territories in Morocco 1959 Spain grants independence to Equatorial Guinea 1968 Decolonization of the Spanish Sáhara (1974- 5) 1974 Franco’s final years: decolonization 47 http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/spanish-sahara/images/Map_Spanish_Sahara.jpg Death of Franco: 20 November 1975 48 Spain: 1931-1975 Second Republic �(1931-1936) Second Republic (1931-36) Second Republic �(Jan-July 1936) Second Republic �(Jan-July 1936): Chaos The Last Democratic Elections before Civil War Civil War: The Sides Slide Number 8 Civil War: The Sides Civil War: The Sides Slide Number 11 Civil War: Political Divisions Civil War: Violence The Issues of War�(for Rebels) True Spain vs Foreign Spain The Civil War �as a Crusade The Issues of War�(for the Republican government) The Civil War�as Revolution The Civil War �as Revolution Civil War: Foreign Support Key Offensives: Madrid Slide Number 22 Symbols: Guernica The end of the war Victory Parade Causes of Nationalist Victory Causes of Republican Defeat Caudillo-Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde�(1892-1975) The Dictatorship (1940’s) The Dictatorship (1940’s) Valley of the Fallen Franco’s Spain: Symbols Franco’ Spain: Symbols The New Order Franco’s Dictatorship�Timeline Hunger and Repression (1940’s) Hunger and Repression (1940’s): World War II Ostracism: 1945-1949 Prosperity Tourism: Flamenco, Bullfighting Beginning of Prosperity Opposition: Regional Nationalisms and Communism Opposition, 1960-70’s, ETA Assassination of Carrero Blanco (ETA) Franco’s final years Franco’s final years: decolonization Death of Franco: �20 November 1975