vertebral column Ribs (how attached) sternum fish two vertebral regions - Trunk and Caudal (tail); Amphicoelous vertebra, the centra has concave surface at both ends. (anterior and posterior side). Two sets of ribs with each vertebral segment, a dorsal and a ventral set. Fish have two sets of ribs, which attach to the upper and lower parts of the vertebral arches Sternum absent in fishes. Any unique features in the axial skeleton? Amphibians four vertebral regions, cervical, trunk, sacral and caudal. Opisthocoelous vertebra, the centra has anterior convex and posterior concave articulating surfaces. Frogs - The vertebrae at the bottom end of the spine are fused into one bone called the urostyle Has only one sacral vertebral region. Sternum is not present in early amphibians or present-day amphibians. they don’t have ribs bones , except a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis. Sternum is not present Any unique features in the axial skeleton? What is Transverse process in frogs and Necturus? Reptiles five vertebral regions, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. Procoelous vertebra the centra has anterior concave and posterior convex articulating surfaces. Have two sacral vertebral regions. The ribs and backbones of turtles and tortoises are fused to the bones in their shells. numerous ribs throughout their full length of trunk. they have caudal ribs. The turtle shell has a top (carapace) and a bottom ( plastron). The carapace and plastron are bony structures that usually join one another along each side of the body, creating a rigid skeletal box.The ribs and backbones of turtles and tortoises are fused to the bones in their shells. Unique flexible neck What are caudal ribs? What are the following in a turtle? Atlas Axis Rib capitulum Pre and postzygapophyses Any unique features in the axial skeleton? Birds vertebral column is achieved by the fusion of many vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae have great flexibility, There are 5 thoracic vertebrae, but the last one is fused into the synsacrum, and the first four are fused together. The last thoracic, all the lumbar, the 2 sacral and several caudal vertebra all fuse to form one bone, the Synsacrum.There are several free caudal vertebrae then the tail ends in an enlarged Pygostyle, which represents several fused vertebrae. Have centra with flat articulating surfaces at both ends (anterior and posterior) which are called acoelous vertebra. The neck of birds have saddle -shaped articulating ends which are are called heterocoelous. Ribs: vertebral & sternal section Uncinated process of ribs Synsacrum: Pygostyle Any unique features in the axial skeleton? Mammals five vertebral regions - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. Have centra with flat articulating surfaces at both ends (anterior and posterior) which are called acoelous vertebra. Have 3-5 sacral vertebral regions. Odontoid process (dens) Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae Prezygapophyses Postzygapophyses True, false, & floating ribs Any unique features in the axial skeleton? need help completing this chart help will be appreciated thank you