Answer To: Essay topic - Using the examples of several varied real-world disasters, you are asked to critically...
Hartirath answered on Sep 06 2021
Running Head:Earthquake
Earthquake
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Contents
Introduction 3
Case Study: Nepal Earthquake 4
LOMBOK INDONESIA EARTHQUAKE 7
Conclusion 10
References 12
Introduction
Earthquakes are the destructive natural disasters in whole world. Due to the sudden release of energy, the crust will slide or move, accompanied by series of vibrations on ground, causing damage. A series of vibrations are called seismic waves moreover can be measure with a seismometer. A seismograph is a device that records seismic waves, called a seismograph. This disaster might occur naturally, and it may be caused by individual activities, which is hard to predict.
According to the depth of the source, earthquakes can be divided into three categories: shallow source (depth less than 70 km), medium source (depth 70-300 km) moreover deep source (> 300 km), volcanic activity, geological faults, mine explosions, landslides, and The nuclear test will cause earthquake. Hard earthquakes can reason serious damage and huge loss of life in many manners, including mistake rupture, earthquake floods caused by landslides and tsunamis. Earthquakes are caused by tectonic activities, large-scale rock slab movement or volcanic activity that forms the surface of the earth.The most active area of seismic activity is related to the plate structure on the ground. When plate structures tend to move, faults might be detected on ground, nevertheless they are often invisible below the soil sediment layer. Approximately 90% of earthquakes in the world occur at faults along boundaries of Earth’s main crustal plates. Deformation occurs due to the movement of tectonic plates. The kind of deformation that occurs during an earthquake usually occurs in areas where the rock ruptures and generates faults that can cause tremors.
These failures will cause the formation of stresses in the movement of adjacent plates, thereby releasing energy. Inside the earth, the rocks are subjected constantly to forces, which eventually cause them to bend, twist or break. When rocks are bent, twisted or broken, they are called deformation or strain. This deformation is the energy free from the crack. Figure 2.1 shows the locations of earthquakes at different magnitudes and depths.
Causes of Earthquake
An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of energy along the plane of the fault. When the elastic restrict of the rock is exceed, the accumulated strain in the rock will rupture, thereby releasing elastic energy as seismic waves. Earthquakes may become smaller and smaller.
An earthquake is a three-dimensional event, and the waves will move outward, horizontally and vertically(Goyal, 2020). This situation produces three severalkinds of waves, which are defined by their unique behavior, as well asa few of these waves only pass throughout certain layers of the earth. The three types of shock waves that caused earthquakes are:
P wave-produces a small displacement on ground, It may pass high-frequency, short-wavelength and longitudinal waves of solid and liquid media (Brierley, 2020).
Figure 2.2 Particles are extended and compressed in P-waves direction.
S-waves are slower and can move in eachdirection; however speed based on the density of rock throughout which they move. S waves cannot propagate in liquids.
Figure 2.3: S-waves move particles at 90° to direction of waves
L waves-Most damage to buildings is caused by waves as they are close to epicenter or pass throughout the outside of the earth's crust. This wave caused huge landslides, tsunamis and fires.
Case Study: Nepal Earthquake
Challenge
On April 25, 2015, a 7.9-magnitude earthquake occurred in northern Nepal, which injured more than 22,000 people or killed more than 8,001 people. In addition, it caused severe damage to infrastructure. The earthquake caused an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing around 18 climbers, wounding 41 people, and trapping hundreds of people2. It was the deadliest day on mountain so far (Kafle, 2015). Hundreds of people affected by the disaster need protection and evacuation. In addition, power outages, cell phone towers and landlines were interrupted, leaving many people in trouble and unable to contact for help.
Thousands of people have lost all and are living in dangerous poverty. In the 14 worst-affected areas, more than 605,000 homes were ruinedalso more than 278,000 homes spoiled. The quake affected the most remote rural areas, making it extremely difficult to respond. More than 200 people were trapped on the mountain, but all injured and killed were reportedly taken to safety.
According to the Nepalese government, the total loss is about $ 10 billion, which is close to half of the $ 19.3 billion GDP. According to the research secure IHS Global Insights, the cost of rebuildingroads, homes, as well as bridges alone is...