Typically, miss rate, miss penalty, hit time, and bandwidth are the main metrics to evaluate the performance of a cache memory. Describe each of the following cache optimizations and indicate its...

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Extracted text: Typically, miss rate, miss penalty, hit time, and bandwidth are the main metrics to evaluate the performance of a cache memory. Describe each of the following cache optimizations and indicate its positive impact to the performance metrics: (a) multilevel cache (b) nonblocking cache (c) virtual cache (d) merging write buffer (e) hardware prefetching