Treatment with levodopa may lead to dyskinesias and on–off fluctuations. 1. In early Parkinson’s disease, the dopamine receptor agonist ropinirole is as effective as levodopa. 2. Antimuscarinic drugs...

Treatment with levodopa may lead to dyskinesias and on–off fluctuations.

1. In early Parkinson’s disease, the dopamine receptor agonist ropinirole is as effective as levodopa.

2. Antimuscarinic drugs such as trihexyphenidyl have a low incidence of unwanted effects.

3. Pramipexole is a potent agonist at dopamine D3 receptors.