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Answered 1 days AfterDec 12, 2022

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Dr Insiyah R. answered on Dec 13 2022
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Introduction    1
Conclusion    8
Reference    8
Introduction
A stem cell is a developmental biology term for an unspecialised cell that may divide indefinitely and differentiate into the specialised cells that make up the body's organs and tissues by activating or inactivating a number of genes. Many scientists believed literature on human stem cells had extraordinary promise for advancing biological understanding and treating a wide range of diseases at the start of the twenty-first century (Ang et al,2018). Research involving stem cells is helping us understand how animals grow from a single cell, including how healthy cells repair damaged ones in a
dult creatures. One of the most exciting areas of modern biology is stem cell research, but like many branches of science still developing, it raises more questions than answers.
Main advances/milestones.
What distinguishing characteristics do all stem cells share? Unlike other types of cells in the body, stem cells are unique. Regardless of their origin, all stem cells share three characteristics: they can divide and regenerate themselves for extended periods; they are unspecialised, and they can develop into different specialised cell types. Stem cells may reproduce several times, unlike muscle, blood, or nerve cells, which do not often do so (Ang et al,2018). Millions of cells may be produced from a beginning community of stem cells that grow over several months in the lab. The cells are thought to be capable of long-term self-renewal if they continue to be unspecialised such as the parent stem cells. Stem cells come in various forms, including adult, embryonic, and induced undifferentiated. I'll go through each one's advantages and disadvantages in brief. Adult stem cells are now thought to be less likely to cause transplant-related rejection. This is due to the possibility of growing a patient's cells in culture, encouraging them to take on certain types of cells, and then reintroducing them into the patient (Jiang and Xu,2020).
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold promise in various scientific fields, particularly in diagnosing diseases. A potentially infinite supply of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allows for the expansion, differentiation, and analysis of afflicted human cells without using an additional animal model (Shahbazi et al,2019). This is accomplished by converting donated somatic cells with disease morphology. The identification of disease pathways can be accelerated by using physiologically appropriate cellular models. It has been established that genome editing in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a highly efficient method for creating disease models for both monogenic and complicated genetic illnesses. Researchers may explore how diseases impact certain cell types using iPSCs as disease models. The high level of patient-to-patient heterogeneity introduced by isogenic illness models that contrast healthy donor cells with sick donor cells might skew the outcomes of experiments. Modern genome editing techniques like CRISPR, Cas9, and TALEN systems now make it possible to create human isogenic controls with lower variability, which can assist in reducing these issues. By removing the genetic heterogeneity from patient to patient, the capacity to design cells produces clear advantages that result in more consistent phenotypes with each trial (Liu et al,2020).
Although it is unknown whether the cells can colonise every tissue in a human embryo, it is assumed, based on the other characteristics, that they are pluripotent cells. As a result, they are viewed as a potential source of specialised cells for cell therapy, which involves replacing a patient's malfunctioning cell type with healthy cells. It is possible to create large numbers of cells from embryonic stem cells for cell transplantation, including dopamine-secreting neurones for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and insulin-secreting pancreatic beta lymphocytes for the treatment of diabetes (Berg et al,2019).
Within two weeks of the damage, patients' bone marrow liquid was collected, and mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and multiplied in great quantities. Within 54 days following the injury, the patient received the preparation injection intravenously. The study showed that given stem cells collected in the spinal cord's damaged regions and stimulated tissue regeneration.
Keratinocytes are a kind of cell found in layers of the skin's epidermis. Only the cells in the basal layer, which is located near the dermis, may divide. Though the bulk of these cells is transit amplifying cells, some are stem cells (Gowen et al,2020). As they mature, the keratinocytes slowly protrude through the epidermis before dying and being shed off at the skin's surface. Small pits called crypts and projections called villi are formed by the small intestine's epithelium. The stem cells are found close to the base of each crypt, whereas the dividing cells are found inside the crypts. Continuous cell production occurs in the crypts, where they go to the villi and are finally shed into the gut lumen.
Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the bone marrow, which gives rise to all blood and immune system cell types. In smaller amounts in peripheral blood and higher concentrations in umbilical cord blood, hematopoietic stem cells can also be identified. Hematopoietic stem cells are attached to blood arteries and osteoblasts of trabecular in the bone marrow (Chaicharoenaudomrung, Kunhorm and Noise,2019). They produce offspring that, depending on the ratio of growth factors in their immediate surroundings, can develop into lymphocytes, red blood cells, granulocytes and a few other types of cells.
Animal experiments have demonstrated that hematopoietic stem cell transplants can occasionally colonise other organs, resulting in the transplanted cells developing into neurones, muscle cells, or endothelium (McQuade et al,2018). It is scarce for engraftment hematopoietic stem cells to colonise other organs successfully. Despite this, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is being investigated as a treatment for ailments such as autoimmune diseases and heart disease. It is a particularly alluring alternative for people who are against the usage of stem cells.
The immune system would be less likely to reject the adult stem cells if they were used, as would tissues made from the patient's adult stem cells. Advantages: Success has already been shown in several clinical applications, and it is anticipated to be less susceptible to...
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