Topic - Describe and explain urbanization. Evaluate the positive and negative impacts urbanization has on health in low- or middle- income countries and how better health can be achieved. When writing consider one of the underlying causes of ill health – the global shift toward city living – urbanization – and all this entails regarding diet, physical activity and the impacts this change has for health and the link between urbanization and Non Communicable Diseases Describe and explain urbanization. What is it How has it happened – planned/unplanned – changes in technologies/switch from agrarian to industrial economies/economic policy/environmental disasters? Where has it most dramatically happened i.e. where have we seen rapid/explosive urbanisation? Evaluate the positive and negative impacts urbanisation has on health in low- or middle- income countries Explore the theory around urbanisation – benefits and dis-benefits Define low and middle-income and choose examples from each from which you can then drill down deeper into positive and negatives (this will link you back and forth to areas where we have seen rapid and explosive urbanisation) Are certain populations or sub-populations more advantaged or disadvantaged by urbanisation – equity impact and how better health can be achieved. Conclusion and recommendations The essay is expected to demonstrate students’ systematic and in-depth knowledge of public health issues in the global context;The concepts and terms described in the essay should be well defined with the appropriate reference to the literature as well as students’ own understanding; There should be a clearly defined and argued thesis statement or argument presented in the essay;There should be an appropriate balance between theoretical presentation of the topic (i.e. drawing on the necessary theoretical perspectives) and practical implications in public health (i.e. providing specific and practical examples); Please use evidence from at least 3 course readings (primary or supplementary), together with further readings from outside this module. A wide range of literature sources providing contrasting and/or contradictory opinions should be provided, correctly referenced and discussed within the context of the essay. Minimum 15 references should be used and cited in this essay (NB. Only cited items should be included on the reference list). The references should include academic books and textbooks; peer reviewed publications from the academic journals; and reports by national and international organizations;All work must be word processed and written in your own words READINGS •Agarwal, S, Satyavada, A, Kaushik, S and Kumar, R (2007) ‘Urbanization, Urban Poverty and Health of the Urban Poor: Status, Challenges and the Way Forward’, Demography India, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 121-134 •Ekpenyong, CE and Akpan, EE (2013) ‘Urbanization drift and obesity epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the situation in Nigeria’ European Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 141-164 •Kuddus, A and Rahman (2015) ‘Affect of Urbanization on Health and Nutrition’, International journal of Statistics and Systems, Vol. 10. No. 2: 165-175 Bloch R., Fox S., Monroy J., and Ojo A. (2015) Urbanisation and Urban Expansion in Nigeria. Urbanisation Research Nigeria (URN) Research Report. London: ICF International. Eckert, S and Kohler, S (2014) 'Urbanization and health in developing countries, A systematic review, World Health and Population, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 7-20 Fuller, B and Romer, P (2014) 'Urbanization as opportunity' Policy Research Working paper 6874, World Bank, available at: http://econ.worldbank.org. Gubler, D (2011) 'Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21st Century' Tropical Medicine and Health, Vol. 39 No. 4 Supplement, 2011, pp. 3-11 Lu, Y (2015) '5 Priorities for the UN sustainable development goals' Nature, vol. 520, pp. 432-433 Stephens, C (2011) Revisiting urban health and social inequalities, Environment and Organization, Vol 23, no. 1, pp. 29–40 Turok, I and McGranahan, G (2013) 'Urbanization and economic growth: the arguments and evidence for Africa and Asia', Environment and Urbanization, Vol 25, no. 2, pp. 465–48 Guidance notes for the essay: The essay is expected to demonstrate students’ systematic and in-depth knowledge of public health issues in the global context; The concepts and terms described in the essay should be well defined with the appropriate reference to the literature as well as students’ own understanding; There should be a clearly defined and argued thesis statement or argument presented in the essay; There should be an appropriate balance between theoretical presentation of the topic (i.e. drawing on the necessary theoretical perspectives) and practical implications in public health (i.e. providing specific and practical examples); Please use evidence from at least 3 course readings (primary or supplementary), together with further readings from outside this module. A wide range of literature sources providing contrasting and/or contradictory opinions should be provided, correctly referenced and discussed within the context of the essay. Minimum 15 references should be used and cited in this essay (NB. Only cited items should be included on the reference list). Please it is important for the writer to you the articles attached as reference evidence for this essay.