Tolman’s “learning theory” differed from Pavlov’s and Watson’s work. He rejected a simple S-R formulation of learning. What were the main differences in how he understood “learning”? What did he...

Tolman’s “learning theory” differed from Pavlov’s and Watson’s work.  He rejected a simple S-R formulation of learning.  What were the main differences in how he understood “learning”?  What did he discover about the role of “reinforcement” in learning?