To complete this task, students will write a report by engaging with the following processes:
Choose ONE scenario of a client case from the ACAP Library:https://libguides.navitas.com/homeMcLeod, J. (2010).Counsellor's workbook: Developing a personal approach. (pp.132-147)
Retrieved from -https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/acap/detail.action?docID=487787
Choose two counselling theories from the following list: John Holland’s Theory; Adlerian Therapy, Person Centred Therapy, Gestalt Therapy, Reality Therapy.
Apply the two counselling theories to the scenario client (use a MS Word document):
- Describe the key concepts and therapeutic processes of the two counselling theories
- Provide an outline of the techniques and procedures from each theoretical approach that would be used with the scenario client.
Discuss thesimilarities and differencesacross the approaches in light of the scenario andoutline any unique perspectives offeredby the particular theoretical approaches. Use the Student Learning Support critical writing resources available at:https://sls.navitas-professional.edu.au/critical-writing-0
Write a summary of the strengths and limitations of both theories applied to the same scenario.
Remember to;
- Apply counselling theories for diverse client presentations
- Articulate the differentiations between counselling theories
- Critically reflect on counsellor theories of choice and divergence from own theoretical frames of reference
COUN1251 Psychoanalytic Theory Coun1251 psychoanalytic theory Week 6 Lecturer: Christine Gissing
[email protected] Acknowledgement of country We acknowledge the Traditional Owners of country throughout Australia and recognise their continuing connection to land, waters and culture. We pay our respects to their Elders past, present and emerging. We recognise those whose ongoing effort to protect and promote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures will leave a lasting legacy for future Elders and leaders. 2 History of Freud and his psychoanalysis Drive Theory The unconscious Psychic determinism The aim of psychoanalysis The personality theory id, ego, superego Structure of the psyche The theory of ego defences The theory of the psychosexual stages Overview Outline Freud’s theory of the unconscious Explain the concepts of the id, ego and superego and their relation to each other Explain the role of anxiety and defence mechanisms in psychodynamic approaches Comprehend the five psychosexual stages Define key terms used in psychoanalytic theory Weekly learning goals The unit textbook: Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (10th ed.). Boston MA: Cengage Learning. Please read Chapter 4 – Psychoanalytic Therapy (pp. 57 - 94). Watch Chapter 4 Lecturette: Jerry Corey on Early Stages: IN: MindTap for Corey's Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy and Student Manual Doidge, N. (2007). Turning our ghosts into ancestors. In The Brain that changes itself (pp. 216-245). Melbourne, Australia: Scribe. Jacobs, M. (2003). Freud’s major theoretical contributions. In M. Jacobs, Sigmund Freud (2nd ed., pp. 33‑66). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Topic Requirements An understanding of the influential role Freudian theory has played in the development of theoretical conceptualisation in counselling is essential. Freud’s approach is based in theory but it is also a method of therapy. His work spanned over 40 years. Many of the counselling theories in following sections are an extension and modification of Psychoanalysis. Introduction 6 The traditional process is expensive, long and arduous. Clients are often required to participate in therapy several times a week over a period of years, undergoing a self-awareness experience at a deeply emotional level, sometimes restructuring their personality. Many modifications of Freud’s approach have taken place, so now there exists a continuum of psychoanalytic practices and views, rather than a single approach (Nyes, 2000). Psychanalysis freud’s therapy Psychoanalysis refers in part to Freudian and post-Freudian theories and orientations to therapy. However to be a psychoanalyst, individuals undergo extensive training that can take up to ten years. It includes strict guidelines, including a self-analysis. Extensive training to become psychanalyst Freud took up medicine, becoming a neurologist. His primary interests were scientific exploration and observation, reflected later in his work. Freud was a prolific writer creating 24 extensive volumes of text during his life and remained productive until his death in London in 1939. One of his major works is the book The interpretation of dreams. His works have been summarised by others, including Brenner’s (1974) An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis and Hall’s (1978) A Primer of Freudian Psychology. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) More than fifty years after his death, and a hundred years since the first genuinely psychoanalytic study was published, Freud remains in people’s consciousness. Freud is the subject of contemporary films, and someone who represents the psychoanalytic ideas which have infiltrated the popular culture of the twentieth century (Frosh, 1997; Fitzpatrick, 1998). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Freud opened a practice in 1886 and adopted a variety of techniques, including: Hypnosis, warm baths, massage, and catharsis He found only catharsis to be beneficial and abandoned the other techniques to favour the talking cure with free association. The birth of the talking cure Freud theorised that emotional blocks have something to do with trauma and psychological anguish. He alleged that the way people deal with blockages and pain is to defend against the pain with particular defence mechanisms. The ‘cure’ to release blocked emotions is to recover the original event and to fully experience the original emotions. This is called catharsis. In 1896, Freud coined the term ‘psycho-analysis’ to describe his techniques and counselling methods. Defences and Releasing emotional Blocks Humans are dominated by instinctual, unconscious, irrational forces or two basic drives of sex and aggression. Life instincts serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race called Eros which is connected to Libido = sexual energy. Freud also postulates death instincts called Thanatos that gives rise to self-destructive behaviours and aggression. These two forces prod us into action. Drive theory Eros and Thanatos A drive is an excitatory state produced by a homeostatic disturbance. Freud compartmentalised drives further into: physical ones, which energise our needs mental ones, which energise our wishes These drives have four common characteristics: Every drive has a source that corresponds to a physiological process. Every drive has an aim, namely to discharge tension. Every drive has a force directing it towards something. Every drive has an object, namely for the body to receive satisfaction. Drives do not predetermine particular actions or how they will be completed. Drive theory Freud believed that a significant part of our memories and the associated feelings are beyond our immediate awareness (Archer & McCarthy, 2007, p. 33). Repressed memories are stored in our unconscious, suppressed because they evoke pain, anxiety and conflict when brought to a conscious level. Suppression safeguards the conscious mind from recognising these memories. Similarly, we suppress those drives or instincts in ourselves that we find unacceptable in everyday life. The unconscious According to Leiper and Maltby (2004), “one radical implication of Freud’s vision of the unconscious is that all our behaviour is purposeful and motivated” (p. 20). This idea is known as psychic determinism (i.e. nothing occurs randomly, including our mental processes). There is a cause for every thought, memory, feeling and action. Every mental event is brought about by conscious or unconscious intention and preceding events Psychic determinism Freud believed that conflicts between desires and social demands which lead to suppressed memories affect us every day A major aim of psychoanalysis (and psychodynamic therapy) is to help clients become aware of unconscious causes of their behaviour: “If one can become aware of why she feels and behaves in a certain way and how this is related to unconscious material, typically from her childhood, she has a good chance of eliminating the problem” (Archer & McCarthy 2007, p. 34). The process is to re-experience suppressed painful feelings and discharge blocked energies (catharsis) which then lead a happier life with healthier relationships Aim: Accessing the unconscious and free yourself from blockages As the unconscious cannot be accessed and studied directly, it is inferred from behaviours. Freud therefore advocated that analysts study behaviours, such as: dreams, thought to be symbolic representations of unconscious needs, wishes, conflicts and drives slips of the tongue (‘Freudian slips’) forgetting post-hypnotic suggestions free association projective techniques such as the where the analyst looks for unusual answers and recurring themes. These methods help with interpretations of clients’ unconscious material. How to access the Unconscious? Rorschach inkblot Please look at the inkblot: What does the inkblot make you think of? What emotions does it raise? Now ask another person to answer questions 1 and 2 You and any other person who is looking at this inkblot have likely perceived inkblot in different ways. There is no wrong way to see this inkblot. You just accessed some of your personal unconscious material. You projected your individual unconscious meaning behind thoughts and feelings into the inkblot which serves as an ambiguous stimuli. Inkblots have no obvious form: everyone projects their own thoughts and feelings Inkblot interpretation Consciousness is a thin slice of the total mind Like the iceberg that lies below the surface of the water, the larger part of the mind exists below the surface of awareness Unconscious stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material Repressed material is the root of all forms of neurotic symptoms and behaviors Unconscious and conscious The mind contains three forces, or structural components, each with their own agenda and priorities: id – biological component The demanding child. Id is ruled by pleasure principle ego – psychological component The traffic cop. The ego is ruled by the reality principle superego – social component The judge. The superego is ruled by the moral principle Id, ego, superego together make up our personality acting as a whole Psychic energy is distributed to these three components. The amount of energy is limited, so that one system gains control over available energy at the expense of the other two systems Personality - The id, ego and superego The Id, ego and superego Freud’s model of the structure of the psyche Source: Weiten, W., Lloyd, M. A., Dunn, D. S., & Hammer, E. Y. (2009). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Anxiety is a feeling of dread resulting from repressed feelings, memories, and desires Develops from conflict among the id, ego, and superego to control psychic energy There are three types of anxiety: Reality Anxiety—fear of danger from the external world Neurotic Anxiety—fear that cause person to do something for which they will be punished Moral Anxiety—fear of one’s conscience Anxiety Defence mechanisms are used to help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed. They are normal behaviours that have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality. Defence mechanisms either deny or distort reality and they operate on an unconsciousness level. There are many defence mechanisms. Ego-Defence Mechanisms Denial protecting ourselves from unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive or face it Repression keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in unconscious Projection involves attributing our own thoughts, feelings or motives to another person Displacement involves diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target Regression involves reversion to immature patterns of behaviour Rationalisation creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour See Chapter 4, Table 4.1 in textbook for additional information Some common Ego-Defence Mechanisms Each developmental stage is named on basis of bodily zone where libidinal energy becomes manifest and integrated into genital sexuality. Freud viewed the development from the perspective of instincts. Each stage is characterised by a primary way of gaining sensual and sexual gratification. Development is first autoerotic in infantile sexuality, then becomes more object-directed in adult relationships Unresolved conflicts between the desires of the id and demands of the superego or overindulgence or frustration may lead to fixation at a particular stage. Psychosexual stages of development First year: Oral stage The Mouth - sucking, swallowing etc. Ages 1–3: Anal stage The anus – withholding or expelling faeces Ages 3–6: Phallic stage The penis or clitoris - masturbation Ages 6–12: Latency stage Little or no sexual motivation present Ages 12–18: Genital stage The penis or vagina – sexual intercourse Development of Personality five psychosexual stages Doidge, N. (2007). Turning our ghosts into ancestors. In The Brain that changes itself (pp. 216-245). Melbourne, Australia: Scribe. Consider: Why does Kandel consider psychoanalysis “the most coherent, interesting and nuanced view of the human mind’, and, of all the psychologies…the most comprehensive understanding of the contradictions of human behavior” (Doidge, p. 223)? Why do these contradictions of behavior matter? Reflections on Reading Doidge Freud developed the plastic concept that neurons which fire together wire together (usually called Hebb’s law) in 1888, sixty years before Hebb. What are three other views of plasticity noted by Doidge in Freud’s work? What data from brain scans support Kandel’s claim that “psychotherapy can result in detectable changes in the brain” (Doidge, 2007, p. 234)? What are some implications of this claim? More about neuroscience, client counsellor relationships, therapeutic techniques and procedures follows in COUN2211 Reflections on Reading Doidge Sources video Gabbard COUN6261 31 References Archer, J. J. & McCarthy, C. J. (2007). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Contemporary applications. Upper Saddle River: New Jersey: Pearson. Brenner, C. (1974). An elementary textbook of psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday. Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (10th ed.). Boston MA: Cengage Learning. Doidge, N. (2007). Turning our ghosts into ancestors. In The brain that changes itself (pp. 216-245). Melbourne, Australia: Scribe. Fitzpatrick, A. (1998). More than fifteen minutes of fame: Freud and mass communication. Psychotherapy Australia, 4(4), 56-59. Frosh, S. (1997). For and against psychoanalysis. London, UK: Routledge. Hall, C. S. (1978).A primer of Freudian psychology. New York, NY: Octagon Books. Jacobs, M. (2003). Sigmund Freud (2nd ed.). London, UK: Sage Publications. Leiper, R., & Maltby, M. (2004). The psychodynamic approach to therapeutic change. London, UK: Sage Publications. Nyes, R. D. (2000). Three psychologies: Perspectives from Freud, Skinner, and Rogers, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. COUN1251 Adlerian Therapy Coun1251 Adlerian theory Week 8 Lecturer: Christine Gissing
[email protected] Acknowledgement of country We acknowledge the Traditional Owners of country throughout Australia and recognise their continuing connection to land, waters and culture. We pay our respects to their Elders past, present and emerging. We recognise those whose ongoing effort to protect and promote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures will leave a lasting legacy for future Elders and leaders. 2 View of human nature Key concepts Striving for superiority Fictional finalism Lifestyle analysis Phenomenology Holistic, social, creative goal oriented human beings Social interest and community feeling Life tasks Birth order and siblings relationships Therapeutic goals and