Tilapiais anexciting species model.Tilapiadisplay a social hierarchy with families composed of one dominant male,afew subordinate males,andeager-to-reproduce-with-the-dominant-guy females. We know a...

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Tilapiais anexciting species model.Tilapiadisplay a social hierarchy with families composed of one dominant male,afew subordinate males,andeager-to-reproduce-with-the-dominant-guy females. We know a lot about howtilapia regulatereproduction, but very littleis known abouthow the endocrine systemregulatesmale dominance. These two articles summarize a fascinating study elucidatingthedominance mechanisms.Since you’refamiliar with most of the vocabulary,the articleswill bestraightforwardto understand. Theobjective istolinkthe article content withideas that advanceyourknowledge of endocrine control of pheromone communication in tilapia.


Provide as much detail as you can and remember toanswer the questions with full sentences, suitable for professional publication. Onquestion 9, explain how you did your calculations.Forquestion 10, be creative and thinkofsomethingthat would be performedin a laboratory.


1.Howcanunderstanding the endocrine regulation of social dominance in tilapia advance tilapia aquacultureand knowledge ofvertebrate reproduction?(10 point)



2.What are the hormones that show an up-regulation of gene expression and the hormones that increasethequantityinindividuals transitioning to dominance in both articles? (includeacronyms and full names).(10 point)



3.What are the receptorsspecifiedin both studies? Where are they expressed? What receptors are up-regulated after inducing dominance?(10 point)





4.What germinal cells are more abundant in dominant males?(10 point)




5.Explain with your own words how do theresearcherspromote social ascent in male tilapia.(10 point)




6.What methodisused to measure FSH and LH?(10 point)




7.What is the GSI and how is related with hormone production?(10 point)




8.How fast can the transition from submissive-male to dominant-male occur?(10 point)




9.Is the brain-pituitary-gonad system arrested in submissive males?(10 point)




10.Do subordinate males produce functional sperm?(10
point
)











11.Now we know a bit more about how the endocrine system regulates social transition. However, we know very little how pheromone release by dominant and subordinate males is regulated by the endocrine system. We know that dominant males pee pheromone 20b-pregnanetriol 3-glucuronates(20bPG) more frequently and more abundantly. Design a series of experiments that demonstrate the endocrine control of 20bPG. For thatexperiment,describe your hypothesis (what is the question, forinstance: I hypothesize the increaseinLH productionincreasesrelease of 20bP0G), yourprediction(s)(Iexpect to measuremore LH in dominant males), your methods (numberoffish, aquariums, etc.),and what you expect to learn from the experiment.(50
points
)









I have the two readings that go with it as well.

Answered 1 days AfterMay 11, 2021

Answer To: Tilapiais anexciting species model.Tilapiadisplay a social hierarchy with families composed of one...

Paulami answered on May 13 2021
142 Votes
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1. Tilapia is emerging as a quite significant fish across the world and also used widely as the model fish for studying behavior and reproduction. At the time of the reproductive season, male tilapia are too territorial while spawning pits where the dominant male court spawning with the females. Non-territorial
males have quite a low chance to reproduce. With the use of the transgenic tilapia where follicle stimulates hormone (FSH), gonadotrophs had been labeled fluorescently with an elevated green fluorescent protein (EGFP), the impact of social dominance was observed on the pituitary cell population and hormonal profile in dominant as well as non-dominant males (Maruska et al., 2011). The study of immunofluorescence shows that FSH-EGFP-transgenic fish express EGFP reliably in cells that secrete FSH. The expression pattern of EGFP was different from the luteinizing hormone. The gonads were larger in dominant males along with high levels of gonadotropins as well as androgens in plasma. Higher content of gonadotropin, as well as gene expression, was exhibited by the pituitaries of the dominant males. Pituitary hyperplasia was revealed by flow cytometry along with the increased granulation and FSH cell hyperplasia (Maruska & Fernald, 2011). Considering them, all these findings state that enhanced production through individual cells as well as gonadotroph hyperplasia is underlining the increased activity of reproduction of tilapia dominant males.
2. Reproduction among every vertebrate can be controlled through the brain-pituitary-gonad (BGP) axis and this can be socially regulated among males. In spite of the fact that social information can influence neurons called GnRHA1 at the apex of the BGP axis, there is not much information regarding how the dominance and social environment are affecting the molecular and cellular composition of testes for regulating the capacity of reproduction (Maruska & Fernald, 2011). An opportunity has been created for males who are reproductively suppressed for ascending in status and after that changes have been measured in gene expression for discovering how fast the perception of such opportunity is influencing the tests. According to the results, there is a rapid up-regulation of the levels of mRNA of the FSH receptor and multiple subtypes of steroid receptor in testes at the time of the social ascent (Maruska et al., 2011). However, LH receptor wasn’t elevated after the ascent of 72 h; however such rise was coincident with the early stage of spermatogenesis and elevated circulation of androgens, which suggest the role within steroidogenesis. The spermatogenic potential of testes, measured through the composition of cells also was elevated before the entire increase in the size of the testes. The cysts at every stage of the spermatogenesis are suggesting that the axis of BPG can be maintained at the subthreshold level to anticipate the chance of gaining the territory and becoming active reproductively.
3. The receptors specified in both the studies are LH and FSH receptors. FSH and LH receptors are receptors like rhodopsin in the largest superfamily of 7 transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. LH receptors can be found both in the steroid-producing Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, while FSH receptors can be expressed within Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and early germ cells possibly (Maruska & Fernald, 2011). The duality of the function of gonadotropin isn’t much clear among fishes as compared to mammals, since both FSH and LH are generally equipotent to stimulate the production of androgen from the testes, and spermatogenesis is regulated by both of them at multiple stages (Maruska et al., 2011). Moreover, Estradiol is quite essential for the development of testicles as well as the fertility of males. Estrogen receptors can be found within the testes all over vertebrates where males, in fact, of various teleost fishes contain the level of circulating E2 and these are higher to or similar to females. Dominant males of Tilapia have higher GnRH receptor...
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