This was the attached instructions from the email.Extra Credit Assignment: Due end of day November...

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This was the attached instructions from the email.Extra Credit Assignment: Due end of day November 25th.Write a synopsis of the 3 papers.1.Choudhury & McRoberts 2018. (Dr. Choudhury is a professor at UTRGV)2.Wei et al 2019 (Dr. Cristoffersen is a professor at UTRGV).3.Martinez et al 2020 (all authors are students or faculty at UTRGV).For each write only two paragraphs. Paragraph one should include the reason for the research, the importance of the research, the scientific question being asked by the scientists and the hypothesis/hypotheses being tested. Paragraph two should include whether the results supported or did not support the research, how the results supported or did not support the research, how the results add to the field of study and/or what research still needs to be done. Write in simple words. Straight to the point.Every two paragraphs are about 1.7 potential points that can be earned by student.If paper synopsis seems generally solid the student may earn 5 ppts. max to final average. (*hint* final will be open ended)Cheating will result in a zero for the extra credit points. No quotes may be used in the essay; put everything into your own words. You can use sources other than the paper to help write the essay.Study up class!Temperature and light effects on in vitro germination of Peronospora effusa sporangia SHORT COMMUNICATION Temperature and light effects on in vitro germination of Peronospora effusa sporangia Robin Alan Choudhury1,2 & Neil McRoberts1 Received: 25 August 2017 /Accepted: 7 December 2017 /Published online: 22 December 2017 # Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia 2017 Abstract Spinach downy mildew, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Peronospora effusa, is an economically important disease that is found in all spinach growing regions of the US. To effectively predict disease risk we need to understand the response of P. effusa to different environmental conditions. We conducted several in vitro germination assays, exposing P. effusa sporangia to different temperature and lighting conditions. Between 5 and 25 °C under constant darkness, germination of P. effusa sporangia on water agar declined with increasing temperatures. These results were qualitatively different from a previous study of P. effusa germi- nation that found a bimodal response curve, with increased germination at lower and higher temperatures. Time course studies revealed that sporangia consistently germinated within the first 12 h of plating, regardless of incubation temperature. Blue light exposure significantly reduced sporangial germination when compared with sporangia exposed to red, yellow, or no light. Light intensity and color significantly impacted germination, although the effect of color varied by light intensity. Keywords Environmental effects . Germination . Light . Peronospora effusa . Spinach downymildew . Spinacia oleracea Spinach downy mildew, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Peronospora effusa (Grev.) Rabenh (formerly P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae) (Choi et al. 2007), is the most important threat to spinach productionworldwide (Correll et al. 2011). Spinach downy mildew, like many other downy mildew diseases, typ- ically occurs in cool, moist environments (Choudhury et al. 2016). Coastal California frequently has cool morning tem- peratures and thick layers of fog and low clouds (Choudhury et al. 2016) and produces approximately 40% of the annual US fresh market crop of spinach (USDA NASS 2016). While these cool temperatures can persist well into the afternoon for some portions of the region, more southern areas of coastal California frequently have warm, dry afternoon conditions for much of the year. Outbreaks of spinach downy mildew fre- quently occur despite these warmer and drier conditions, and can lead to large crop failures (Choudhury et al. 2016). These disease outbreaks in warmer regions have many growers con- cerned that P. effusa may display phenotypic plasticity, and have a wider range of optimal environmental conditions for growth compared with other downy mildew pathogens. To effectively predict disease risk we need to understand the response ofP. effusa to different environmental conditions. However, compared with many other downy mildew patho- gens, relatively little research has been done on the optimal environmental conditions for growth and sporulation of P. effusa. Recent field studies have revealed that environmen- tal variables play a large role in the epidemiology of this dis- ease (Choudhury et al. 2016). However, without understand- ing how individual environmental factors impact different stages of the pathogen life cycle, it is difficult to create an accurate risk prediction system. These controlled environment studies help to clarify how environmental variables affect the pathogens growth, reproduction and spread, without other confounding environmental effects. An early report of germination rates of a P. effusa isolate fromCalifornia suggested that while P. effusa could germinate between 0 and 30 °C, the optimal temperatures for germina- tion were between 10 and 15 °C (Cook 1937). A later study from the Netherlands suggested that spinach downy mildew isolates had a bimodal reaction to increasing temperatures, and Section Editor: Sarah J. Pethybridge * Robin Alan Choudhury ra.choudhury@ufl.edu 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA 2 Present address: Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA Tropical Plant Pathology (2018) 43:572–576 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-017-0204-y http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s40858-017-0204-y&domain=pdf mailto:ra.choudhury@ufl.edu that P. effusa sporangia germinated between the temperatures 0 and 30 °C (Frinking et al. 1981). Interestingly, they found sporangial germination peaked at both 10 and 25 °C, with a reduction of germination around 20 °C. A bimodal tempera- ture response in germination could help to explain how dis- ease outbreaks can occur in warm regions as well as cooler regions through local adaptation of the pathogen. While understanding the overall range of optimal temper- atures is important for future disease prediction efforts, under- standing the timescale of sporangial germination is critical to the timing of protective fungicide sprays (Caffi et al. 2010). Most non-systemic fungicides, like dithiocarbamates and chloroisophthalonitriles, provide protective activity rather than curative or eradicative activity (Gisi and Sierotzki 2008). These fungicides provide protection by inhibiting the growth of the pathogen before it has entered the plant. Correct timing of fungicide applications can help to prevent the estab- lishment of fungal pathogens in host plants. Timing the fun- gicide application is critical to ensure that the susceptible ger- mination tube is exposed to prevent infection and crop failure. In addition to temperature and relative humidity, the quality and quantity of light can also have dramatic effects on growth and sporulation of downy mildew pathogens. The overall quantity and period of light can regulate different processes of oomycete biology, including sporulation and infection (Cohen et al. 2013;Wang et al. 2011). In addition to the effects from the total amount of light exposure, many oomycetes are affected by specific spectra of light. Some oomycetes are inhibited by blue light, which can reduce sporulation and growth (Cohen et al. 1975; Cohen 1976; Cohen and Eyal 1977). Interestingly, a recent report suggests that the basil downy mildew pathogen P. belbahrii is most negatively af- fected by red light, which strongly suppresses sporulation (Cohen et al. 2013). Some basil growers have taken advantage of this detrimental effect on sporulation by using red light in susceptible basil greenhouses, thereby reducing downy mil- dew epidemic severity (Cohen et al. 2013). Understanding how P. effusa is affected by different qualities and quantities of light may help to guide future control strategies for spinach downy mildew disease. In this study, we exposed P. effusa sporangia to different tem- perature and lighting conditions and quantified detrimental effects on in vitro germination. The goals of this study were to understand: (1) how California isolates of P. effusa are affected by temperature; (2) how temperature affects the time to germi- nation of sporangia; and (3) how different qualities and quantities of light affect sporangial germination. Six isolates of P. effusawere collected from diseased fields in the Salinas Valley in 2015 and 2016 (Table 1). Isolates were considered distinct if they were localized as small foci (2 m), therefore likely arising from the expansion of a single infection event. Approximately 20 diseased leaves from each isolate were collected into sterile bag containers, and two bags were collected from each outbreak source. Bags were sealed and stored at 4 °C in a cooler until processing (

Swati · Accepted Answer

Synopsis 1
Adaptations vary for woody plants in shade and drought and are determined mostly with the help of traits in plants which might be unavailable for large number of species. So, this study presents the 2 heuristic woody plant groups named avoiders and tolerators on the basis of both contrasting strategies by developing a framework for separation of woody plants quantitatively into the functional groups that were revealed with the help of environmental gradients and the orthogonal trait’s axes. 
A classification scheme was established with the help of research that separated 2 temperate woody plants into 2 groups in northern hemisphere namely avoiders and tolerators. These 2 groups reflected 2 varying axes in 3D P50 shade tolerance habitat aridity space in both the strategies drought and shade contrastingly.	
Reference
Wei L., Xu C., Jansen S, Zhou H., Christoffersen B. O., Pockman W. T., Middleton R. S., Marshall J. D., McDowell N. G., A heuristic classification of woody plants based on contrasting shade and drought strategies,

This was the attached instructions from the email. Extra Credit Assignment: Due end of day November 25th. Write a synopsis of the 3 papers. 1.Choudhury & McRoberts XXXXXXXXXXDr. Choudhury is a...

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