this is bachelor level nursing assignment of 1400 words with 15 reference with APA style should be australian evidence based practice.plese do not use web page just use article or related organization...

1
RUNNING HEAD: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE: NURSING CARE STRATEGIES
Case Study One
Congestive heart failure: Nursing care strategies
Name:
Professor:
Course:
Date:
Congestive heart failure: Nursing care strategies
1. Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of chronic congestive cardiac failure.
Cardiac failure means; “a chronic condition in which heart cannot supply sufficient
oxygen-rich blood to other parts of the body owing to less efficient nature of its muscles”.
Because of such improper supply of blood, fluid may build up in several organs including lungs,
arms, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, and congestion might occur thus; „congestive heart failure‟
term is applied to define such condition (Clark et al., 2004).
Owing to modernization of world and altered life style, there might be observed a high
incidence rate related with this illness throughout the world for instance, according to an
estimation, approximately 300,000 Australians are suffering from this disease, and around
30,000 new cases of congestive heart failure are identified each year.
There might be several causes and risk factors behind such a high incidence rate of this
illness which may include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, age (advancement in age
may increase the chances of heart failure), gender (males are more susceptible for this illness
than females), and ethnicity (for example, African-Americans have higher probability of
development of this disorder in comparison to Caucasians). For instance, in above case, the
patient is an aged male thus; can be called vulnerable for congestive heart failure
Besides, individuals with (i) a family history of cardiomyopathies, (ii) specific genetic
variants, (iii) diabetes, (iv) obesity, and (v) unhealthy habits (such as; intake of tobacco, alcohol,
anabolic steroids and drugs like; itraconazole, imatinib) might enhance the risk of cardiac failure
(Berman et al., 2012).
Congestive heart failure: Nursing care strategies
2. List five (5) common signs and symptoms of congestive cardiac failure; for each provide
a link to the underlying pathophysiology.
Though, researchers are trying to find out advanced therapeutic strategies for the
treatment of congestive heart failure, but there could be found several complications linked with
this abnormality that might prove to be life threatening as well. Out of variable signs and
symptoms related with congestive heart failure, few can be described as follows:
1. Increased heart rate
In case of LV systolic dysfunction, there may occur activation of various neurohormonal
pathways so that, the volume of circulating blood might be enhanced. Further, there could be
observed increment in heart rate because of activities of sympathetic nervous system (Davidson
et al., 2008).
2. Decreased contractility
Contractility may be defined as; “the inherent property of cardiac muscles related with
fiber shortening and development of tension”. In case of diminished or malfunctioning of
myocardial fibers, myocardial contractility can also get decreased (Kenchaiah et al., 2002).
3. Exercise intolerance
In congestive heart failure, a person might not be able to endure physical exertion (even
in case of normal activities for example, walking at a normal speed) as; body requires oxygen
and other nutrients during its physical movement. Since, a failing heart may not pump sufficient
Congestive heart failure: Nursing care strategies
blood to supply such substances to body thus the capability to work out can be limited through
fatigue.
4. Conciseness of breath
Difficulty in breathing (also known as; dyspnea) might occur because of congestive heart
failure as; due to inadequate pumping by heart, fluid may return into the lungs and can interfere
with supply of oxygen. Such interruption in O2 supply may result into shortness of breathing
(Jarvis, 2008).
5. Swelling
Edema condition can also be noticed in the patients with congestive heart failure because
of accumulation of fluid in legs, feet, and ankles etc. Such swelling can also be noticed in the
case of hips, scrotum, and the abdominal cavity (Martini et al., 2012).
3. List three (3) common tests (including normal...