this is an exam will send all content I have but questions won't be released until 24th of Juneits three questions all to be answered with 1200 words maxI need you to be in contact with me through the...

Q1.
Financial securities used by private firms to raise long term capitals:
The financial securities used by private firms are Capital and equity securities
Under capital securities the private firm raises their capitals by issuing
1. Corporate bonds 2.Hybrid securities 3. Junk bonds 3.covered bonds 4.Equity securities.
1. Corporate bonds:
It is a debt contract issued by a firm to raise funds along with the payments of period coupon
interest rate and the repayment of the principal debt amount at maturity time. It is either secured
or unsecured bonds. The bonds that are secured with an underlying assets is said to secured
bonds, if the firms fails to repay the principal amount by selling the underlying assets firm will
repay back the principal amounts to the bond holders. These bond issuance has two types of
debentures fixed and floating. Fixed debentures indicates collateral claim over the assets owned
by a firm. Under floating debenture the bond holder get payments only after settling the fixed
debenture bond holders. Some bonds are backed up with sinking funds, which indicates the
proportional amount of face value is paid at each year.
Corporate bonds differ greatly in maturity period, their maturity period usually lies in between 2
and 30 years. Risky bonds have low rating from investment analytics company like moody s&p
etc, whereas low risky bonds have high rating from these companies.
2. Hybrid securities:
This security has characteristics of both bond and equity. It allows the both secured and
unsecured bonds to equity shares. It gives the benefits to bondholder to rise stock prices, while
delivering low interest payments to issuers. Many convertible bond has the characteristics of call
option, that allows the issuer right to force the conversion. Convertible bond has a feature of
preference shares.
3. Junk (High yield bonds)
It is mostly offered by companies that are having high credit default risk. This type of bond
having lower rating often offer high interest rate. Junk bonds have relatively lower market, so
companies who are high default risk often raise their funds through banks credit.The maturity
period of this bonds varies from 1 to 4 years.
4. Covered bonds:
Covered bonds first came into Australia in 2011 and it is issued through banks .These bonds are
backed with pool of assets. This type of bonds mostly receive credit rating of AAA.This bond
has lower yields.
Equity securities are 3 types they are:
1. Ordinary shares
2. Preferential shares
3. Convertible securities
1. Ordinary shares:
This indicates a basic form corporate ownership .when company defaults the shareholders won’t
get any amount but they loss only their investment on the percentage of share holdings.
Companies pay dividends to the share holder based on their profits. There will be no dividend
payments when company earns zero profit/loss
2. Preferential shares
Like ordinary shares the companies will pay their dividends, the only difference is that they give
preference to this shareholder in terms of claims over company assets during the event of default.
Types of preferential shares are Non participating preference shares: preferring constant
dividends irrespective of huge profit earning .Cumulative preference share this require a firm to
pay arrears to the preference shareholders dividend...