This is a simple 50 question all multiple choice introductory geology test. I have attached the study guide for it that explains the material that will be on the test.
Study_guide_Exam2_summer2021 MASS WASTING (be able to identify them in an image) • How gravity works on a slope • Angle of repose • Mass wasting features (be ready to identify these in an image). They constitute evidence of previous mass wasting: Head scarp, Body, Foot, Toe • Triggers of mass wasting o Role of water; Submarine mass wasting o Adding weight o Earthquakes o Volcanic eruptions o Deforestation o Steepening of slopes Classification of Mass wasting by 1 - Type of material 2 - Type of motion 3 - Velocity of the movement HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Processes: Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff, Transpiration Reservoirs (by size, from greatest to smallest) SURFACE WATERS – STREAMS form (be able to identify them in an image) Surface water starts as runoff to stream through rills ! gullies ! valleys o Drainage Basin o Drainage patterns, drainage density o Discharge Q o Stream Profile: headwaters, base level, stream gradient. o Velocity, type of motion (laminar vs. turbulent) Stages of Stream Evolution: 1 –Youthful/Degradational stage: Stream is near headwater 2 – Mature/ Balanced stage 3 – Aggradational stage 4.– Terminal stage The work of running water: •Erosion: valleys, cut banks, meanders, river terraces •Transport Load: dissolved, suspended and bed load •Deposition bar, point bar, levees, alluvial fan, deltas. Overall: roughness of channel (turbulence of water) and gradient decrease from the headwater to the mouth, channel size, velocity and discharge increase towards the mouth Flood discharge volume >> river channel volume. •Regional Flood •Flash flood Flood assessment: monitoring precipitations, water level (stage) and discharge Flood mitigation: By engineering efforts (Artificial levees, flood-control dams and channelization) By flood plain management (= land use planning) Groundwater Definition. Origin of Groundwater The Water Table, how it works Groundwater equalizes streamflow. Groundwater table and streams: gaining stream, losing stream • Groundwater moves ( gravity), through soil, sediments and rocks Porosity and Permeability Aquifer, confined aquifer, aquitard Wells. Artesian wells • Groundwater is an erosional agent caves and sinkholes Karst topography •Groundwater contamination o Saltwater encroaching in freshwater aquifers o Pollution: highway salt, fertilizers, pesticides, chemical and industrial sewage, septic tanks, landfill leaks. Contaminants mix with groundwater • Springs Glaciers Conditions of ice formation, including elevation and latitude Sea level change and ice on glaciers connection. Rise of sea level is all ice were to melt Types of ice accumulation: • Sea ice • Ice Sheet/Continental Glaciers. Where are they found, % of ice, maximum thickness. Ice shelves. Calving of ice shelves !iceberg • Valley (or alpine) glaciers Glacial Erosion by abrasion and plucking produces: Landforms: Cirque, Horn, Arete, U-shaped valley, Hanging valley, Fjord (be able to identify them in an image) Glacial Deposits = till, Moraines, type of moraines - types Coastlines Processes (be able to identify coastline type and processes discussed in class from an image) Types of coastlines – emergent, submergent, how to identify them Erosion on coastlines Rocky coastlines vs. sandy coastlines • Erosion by: o Waves o Currents •Longshore currents, rip currents, tidal currents. •Deposition of barrier islands, spits, tombolos Hazard: coastline erosion Mitigation: Protecting shorelines from longshore currents and storms surges 1 - Building structures: what they are, how they work Groins, Jetties, Breakwater, Seawalls 2 - Beach nourishment bringing sand to replenish the beach eroded by longshore currents/storms 3 - Relocation Hazard, risk, and mitigation Relationship among the 3 terms, example from those studied in class. Risk mitigation strategies, studying the process, monitoring, engineering, land use planning, education Acceptable risk Climate •Definition •Proxies: (those described in lecture) •How the climate change, constant changes, various level of change, fluctuations Long term climate change factors (millions of years) •Composition of the atmosphere. •Position of the landmasses •Oceanic circulation Shorter term climate change factors (hundreds thousands to thousand of years) Cyclical variation of the Orbital Parameters (Milankovich cycles) affect the amount of solar radiation received: Eccentricity, Obliquity, Precession (and their duration) . Shortest term climate change factors (centuries to decades to years) Caused by oscillations of the atmosphere complex structure. •Example: North Atlantic Oscillation NAO: definition and variations. The little ice age. •ENSO el Nino Southern Oscillation. •Hurricanes Classification of mineral resources Minerals as resources Non renewable character of mineral resources, slow rock cycle Types of mineral resources Examples: REE Conflict minerals Mineral reserves definition Steps from mining ore to processing and refining the resource Tailing, smelting Options for supply Mining • Surface mining – for shallow resource o Overburden, spoils o Open pit, strip • Subsurface mining – for deeper resources o Processing of mineral resources: tailings, gangue Examples o coal (methods, environmental impact, ash, smog o Oil and gas (origin, source rock, reservoir rock, drilling). Tar sand and oil shale o Gold, copper, etc. ▪ Origin of formation: hydrothermal fliuds. Strip mining ▪ Placer deposits supply and demand time to depletion Strategies: technology improvement, discovering new deposits, recycling Geology of the solar System and beyond Earth’s Moon • Density – composition, origin • NO evidence of ongoing surface process not evidence. • Moonquakes • Impact crater Mercury • Rocky planet with no atmosphere • No surface processes only impact craters Venus • Comparison with Earth • Venus Atmosphere • Volcanoes, Corona • Rift Valleys Mars • Size comparable to Earth’s core • Geologic structures: Volcanoes (Olympus mons), Bulges (Tharsis Region), Rift Valleys (Valle Marineris). • Channels on Mars: Best evidence for erosion from flowing fluids • Water stored in ice caps and groundwater. Cold surface temperature • marsquakes Jupiter’s moons with active surface processes ▪ Io: made of silicates, with volcanic activity is 100 x Earth’s. • Europa: A frozen surface ocean covers the rocky surface. • Saturn’s moon with active surface processes • Titan: dense atmosphere with %95 Nitrogen, 3% CH4, 2%, H, Ar. Surface temperature ~ -179 ˚C. • Enceladus: ice renewing surface • Edge of solar system: Kuiper belt + Pluto Oort Cloud Geologic processes in the solar system - general considerations: • Impact craters • Surface processes • Internal forces – Deformation and structures • The many types of volcanoes (Shield, stratovolcanoes, cinder cone, Corona, Cryovolcanoes) Exoplanets - definition Planets detection: transit method example: trappist1 planets What can we know about exoplanets geology Habitable zone - definition https://blackboard.gwu.edu/ Username-christiangarcia Password-Tania123. Then you go to physical geology 1001 Then you go to exam 2 and its there BUT! When you actually take the exam it cant be done through any regular browser it has to be done using Respondus Lockdown Browser