This is a critical care topic on Liver failure. Rubric Group Teaching Assignment and Presentation!!!!! • Each group will select a mental disorder • Each student will receive an individual grade (6%)...

1
Liver Failure
Contents
Description of Disorder    3
Clinical Course    3
Diagnostic Criteria    4
Epidemiology and Risk Factors    5
Aetiology    5
Interdisciplinary Treatment and Recovery    6
Primary Care Barriers    7
Nursing Management    7
Pharmaceutical Management    8
References    9
Description of Disorder
The incapacity of the liver to accomplish its regular metabolic and synthetic functions as components of normal physiology is referred to as liver failure. Liver failure is a potentially fatal affliction that necessitates immediate medical attention. Often, liver failure occurs slowly over several years. It is the terminal phase of several liver disorders. However, a rarer ailment referred to as acute liver failure occurs quickly (in just two days) and can be challenging to identify initially. When large portions of the liver are destroyed beyond repair, the liver can no longer function (Arroyo et al., 2020). Live failure can be divided into two categories:
Acute: When the liver stops functioning within a few weeks or days. Most individuals who have this don't have any prior history of liver disease or problems.
Chronic: Impact on the liver accumulates over time, causing it to stop functioning.
Fatigue, a lack of appetite, nausea, discomfort on the right side, a little below the ribs, and diarrhoea are all symptoms of liver failure (Zheng et al., 2021).

Clinical Course
The clinical course of liver failure is determined by its aetiology. The majority of liver failure cases (except for Reye syndrome and fatty liver of pregnancy) will have tremendous hepatocellular apoptosis and/or necrosis, resulting in liver failure. Hepatocellular necrosis develops as a result of ATP deficiency, which causes cellular edoema as well as cell membrane disintegration (Triantafyllou et al., 2018). Liver failure's pathogenesis of cerebral edema, as well as hepatic encephalopathy, is multidimensional, including abnormal BBB (blood-brain barrier) ancillary to inflammatory mediators resulting in microglial activation, glutamine formation ancillary to ammonia passing the BBB; and successive oxidative stress resulting in ATP and GTP (guanosine triphosphate depletion). This eventually results in cerebral edoema and astrocyte swelling (Trebicka et al., 2020).
Moreover, liver failure pathophysiology can be categorised into cause-specific hepatic injury pathophysiology and pathologies associated with secondary multi-organ failure incidence. The most widely recognised and precise mechanism of liver injury is APAP toxicity. Secondary MOF is frequently the outcome of a preliminary massive proinflammatory reaction that results in a systemic inflammatory reaction disorder, accompanied by a commensurate anti-inflammatory reaction that results in innate immune dysfunction as well as septicemia (Sundaram et al., 2019).

Diagnostic Criteria
A set of symptoms, clinical manifestations, and tests established for utilisation in daily clinical practise to support the care of every patient are known as diagnostic criteria. Blood tests are carried out to assess how well the liver functions. A prothrombin time examination determines how long the blood requires to clot. When a person has liver failure, blood does not clot as rapidly as it ought to (Mahmud et al., 2019). The doctor may advise having an ultrasound test to look at the liver. Such testing may reveal liver damage and aid in determining the source of liver failure. The doctor may also suggest abdominal CT (computerised tomography) scanning or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to examine the blood vessels and liver (Jindal & Sarin, 2022).
Certain factors of liver failure, including Budd-Chiari disorder or tumours, can be detected using these exams. If the practitioner suspects an issue but ultrasound testing comes back negative, they may use them. Doctors may advise patients to do a liver biopsy (remove a small portion of liver tissue). This may assist the practitioner in determining the cause of liver failure. A liver biopsy can be conducted because individuals with liver failure are at...