This assignment to analyses tables that provided in a assignment page from subject of Biostatistics. And the case is HIV in Papua New Guinea. Please refer to it in this written assignment. Words account for introduction: 800, for results: 500, for discussion: 1000. and conclusion and references is no limitation. Thaksz
1 This assignment is predominantly based on Topics 3-9 but builds on material covered in topics 1-2. There is a total of 100 marks for the assignment (written report). This is a research assignment. In total, this assignment will contribute 25% towards the assessment for this subject. The assignment should be completed in the format of a report and submitted as a word or pdf document via LearnJCU (see specific instructions relating to Assignment 2 on the TM5516 LearnJCU website). Late assignments will not be accepted without prior approval. James Cook University College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences Biostatistics for Public Health (TM5516) ASSIGNMENT 2 (Individual Research) SP 5, 2021 Due date: Sunday 13th June 2 Theme: Media exposure, behavioural risk factors and HIV testing among women in Papua New Guinea 1. Assessment descriptor The following were an excerpt from the 2019 Papua New Guinea (PNG) Demographic and Health Survey (DHS): “The first case of HIV was diagnosed in Papua New Guinea in 1987 (UNAIDS Pacific Region 2009). The most recent estimate suggests that the national HIV prevalence is 0.9% among adults age 15-49 (UNAIDS 2017). There is evidence that the epidemic is most concentrated among the high-risk population (National Department of Health 2018b). There has been an effective national response in Papua New Guinea to this epidemic, a response supported by international donors. Key initiatives addressing the epidemic include the establishment of the National AIDS Council in 1997 under the Prime Minister’s Department, prohibition of discrimination on the basis of HIV infection via the HIV and AIDS Management and Prevention Act 2003, development of a National HIV Prevention Strategy (NHPS) (2010- 2015), and rapid scaling up of voluntary counselling and testing, surveillance, and antiretroviral therapy (National Department of Health 2010; Coghlan et al. 2011).” This study is based on the 2019 PNG DHS. The variables considered include women’s demographics, socio-economic, media exposure, knowledge and behavioural HIV risk factors. Aims: a) Determine the association between mass media exposure and testing for HIV b) Relationship between mass media exposure and HIV behavioural risk factors (e.g. condom use, multiple partners, HIV-related knowledge) 2. Tasks This assignment will allow students the opportunity to experience various aspects of the research cycle. You must state an overall research question. The final report is due on Sunday, June 13th (11.59 pm AEST). Specifically, you should: • Conduct a brief literature review on the provided topic, interpret some results (some results have been interpreted for you) presented, and discuss the findings in this study. • Describe the variables included in the study. Are the summary statistics presented appropriate? • Discuss your findings and the implications, including limitations and strength. (Hint: Describe possible advantages and disadvantages). • State your conclusions. (Hint: Precise summary that will be understood by a layperson). 3. Final report The final report should include the following components: 3 • Introduction- A brief description of relevant literature, including the justification for the choice of topic - e.g., what is known about the topic; what is the rationale for the chosen research question and aims. (Word count ≤800). 30 marks • Results –Short description of the results obtained from the analyses have been presented in tables and graphs. Provide adequate interpretation to the results, state the principal findings and justify why each method was used. Questions have been provided to guide you. (Word count ≤500) 20 marks • Discussion - summary of the findings; discussion of the results for each research question, in the context of relevant literature; and acknowledgement of limitations and strength of the study. (Word count ≤1000) 30 mark • Conclusion and policy implications – what is the implication of this study to clinicians, or policy makers 10 marks • References - at least 10 relevant references (from contemporary literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles). 10 marks • Note that marks are assigned for overall comprehensibility. This includes ensuring that the final report is at a professional standard, appropriate length, is logically sequenced and meaningfully organised, and written clearly, creatively, articulately, and at a level appropriate to Postgraduate study. Students are strongly encouraged to refer to the above guide when completing their report. This is available on LearnJCU. Note -The length of the report should not exceed 2500 words. 4 PAPER BEGINS HERE 1. Introduction (30 marks: ≤800 words) Aims: a) Determine the association between mass media exposure and testing for HIV b) Relationship between mass media exposure and HIV behavioural risk factors (e.g. condom use, HIV-related knowledge) 2. Methods (Provided) 2.1 Data The data for this study was obtained from the first Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 2019. 2.2 Measures Outcome/Response: HIV testing (Yes or No) Covariates (independent variables): Media exposure The variables “frequency of reading print media”, “frequency of listening to radio”, and “frequency of watching television” were used to calculate the media exposure index. Each variable was measure as (0 = not at all, 1 = less than once a week, 2 = at least once a week), the “media exposure” index ranged 0 to 9 and was categorised as “None: 0,” “low: 1-3,” and “high: ≥ 4.” Knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission Three questions, “Can one get HIV from mosquito bites”, “Can one get HIV by sharing food with a person who has AIDS” and “Can one get HIV by witchcraft or supernatural means” each measured by 0 = No, 1 = Yes, were used to create Disease transmission knowledge” about HIV/AIDS. The index ranges from 0 (no belief) to 3 (very strong belief) Other variables include socio-demographic variables such as age at first sex, age at first cohabitation, current age, education attainments, wealth index and so on. See Table 1 for the full list of variables considered in this study. 2.3 Statistical analysis Boxplot and density plot (similar to histograms) Chi-square test for independence and trend for categorical variable T-test and Mann-Whitney tests for continuous variables Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to examine the effect of independent variables (covariates) on uptake of HIV testing. Results were presented as odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR (aOR) together with their 95% confidence interval (CI). 3. Results (20 marks) Figure 1 presents the distribution of current age, age at first cohabitation and age at first sex. Question: What do you observe? Write a short interpretation of the results shown in Figure 1? The descriptive summaries of the study participants and HIV testing uptake were presented in Table 1. Overall, 15,005 women were interviewed, about two-thirds, n=10277 (68%) have never been tested for HIV. Higher percentages of women who were not exposed to media 5 exposure have not been tested for HIV (78.1%), compared to a low exposure (62.4%) and high exposure (57.8%). Television is the least media used among women in PNG. Only about 17.2% have access to television more than once a week, 20.8% listen to the radio more than once a week, and 19.8% read print media at least once a week. Women who have ever been tested for HIV are significantly (p<0.0002) older at first sex with a mean (sd), 20.02 years (4.31) older="" at="" first="" sex="" with="" a="" mean="" (sd),="" 20.02="" years="">