This assignment is due on Tuesday Sept 4, at 6am CST. It is important to respond to all questions and clearly identify all they responses for all the questions showing all calculations were requested . In text citation is highly require , and a reference page is also require at the end of each section .
SECTION A
Write 300 words that respond to the following questions , it is important to use APA format including in text citation to complete this assignment. A reference page is also require at the end of this section in APA format.
A screening test for glaucoma produced the following results:
Sensitivity = 84.5%
Specificity = 96.3%
Positive predictive value = 86.1%
Negative predictive value = 95.8%
Accuracy of the screening test = 93.7%
Prevalence of glaucoma = 21.5%
Consult the internet to get a sense of the prevalence and nature of glaucoma as a disease.
Then discuss the following: Would you recommend that this test be used as a screener for glaucoma in the general population? Why or why not?
(adapted from Oleckno, WA. (2002). Essential epidemiology: principle and applications. Waveland Press).
SECTION B
Write 700 word document minimum, including all calculations were require all in APA format. A reference page must also be included at the end of this section , in text citation is highly require for this assignment.APA FORMAT IS HIGHLY REQUIRE . All calculations must be clearly shown , all responses must also be shown as the questions are numbered.
Show
all your workfor the best possible evaluation of your responses.
- Chittenden County Health Department reported 17 new cases of Lyme disease in the first half of 1994 and 18 additional cases during the second half of the year. The population of the county was 204,500 at the beginning of the year and 215,000 at the end of the year. What was the incidence rate of Lyme disease in Chittenden County in 1994? What type of incidence rate is this?
- Health authorities in Savannah, GA reported that 22 injuries requiring hospitalization occurred in the city of 65,000 during St. Patrick’s Day celebrations. Eight additional cases occurred during the following month, and two of these died from their injuries. What was the prevalence rate of injuries requiring hospitalization on the holiday and for the period as a whole?
- An epidemiological study of prostate cancer among elderly men followed 1,400 men, 65-79 years of age, without evidence of prostate cancer over several years. Every two years the investigators examined the men for prostate cancer. The results were as follows: 12 new cases at the first evaluation, 11 new cases at the second evaluation, 23 new cases at the third evaluation, and 28 new cases at the fourth (final) evaluation. The investigators also noted that 35 of the men had withdrawn from the study at the third evaluation. Based on this information,
calculate and interpret
the incidence density rate of prostate cancer in this group.
- In 1990, there were 4,500 deaths due to lung diseases in miners aged 20 to 64 years. The expected number of deaths in this occupational group, based on age-specific deaths rates from lung diseases in all males aged 20 to 64 years, was 1,800 during 1990. What is the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for lung disease in miners?
Interpret
this ratio.
- U.S. Mortality Rate from Diabetes Mellitus Among White and Black Males, 2002-2006
| White Males | Black Males |
Age
|
Count
| Population |
Rate per 100,000
|
Count
| Population |
Rate per 100,000
|
| 164 | 162,641,291 | 0.1 | 83 | 33,705,536 | 0.2 |
20-29
| 590 | 81,937,726 | 0.7 | 322 | 14,478,486 | 2.2 |
30-39
| 2,336 | 84,095,945 | 2.8 | 1,011 | 13,129,275 | 7.7 |
40-49
| 8,060 | 92,001,425 | 8.8 | 2,542 | 13,094,742 | 19.4 |
50-59
| 18,274 | 74,721,834 | 24.5 | 5,164 | 8,927,492 | 57.8 |
60-69
| 28,305 | 45,863,716 | 61.7 | 6,609 | 4,737,703 | 139.5 |
70-79
| 41,653 | 30,755,031 | 135.4 | 6,936 | 2,661,141 | 260.6 |
80+
| 44,980 | 16,327,464 | 275.5 | 5,030 | 1,199,688 | 419.3 |
Total
| 144,362 | 588,344,432 | 24.5 | 27,697 | 91,934,063 | 30.1 |
What is the adjusted mortality rate for black males using the age distribution for white males? Show your calculations in
tabular form. Is this the
direct or indirectmethod for age adjustment?
Screening Calculations
- Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) can masquerade as adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD), leading to diagnostic confusion. An investigation assessed the diagnostic worth of acoustic analysis of phonatory breaks (PB) as a possible objective test to distinguish ADSD from MTD.
Acoustic Analysis of Phonatory Breaks to Test for ADSD and MTD (n=100)
Reference Standard
|
Test Outcome
|
Has ADSD
|
Has MTD
|
Positive (PB=40 ms)
| 27
True Positive (TP) | 25
False Positive (FP) |
Negative (PB
| 14
False Negative (FN) | 34
True Negative (TN) |
Calculate the sensitivity, specificity, PV+, and PV-. Interpret your results.
- Suppose you read a research article that suggests a 70 ms cutoff is potentially more appropriate than the 40 ms cutoff you used. You re-analyze your data and find that TP=17, FP=15, FN=24, and TN=44. Present the revised contingency table and calculate the new sensitivity, specificity, PV+, and PV-. Which cutoff (40 or 70 ms) appears to be more appropriate in terms of improving the diagnostic test? Explain