This assignment is about Computer Security Fundamental. The expert has to install vmware virtual machine and other required software make a connection to the server in the virtual machine, all requirements and demo videos are there in the link. In the link I have remaing Lab assignments.I have attached a screenshot of the page, la exercise..... so total 11 Lab assignments and 1 assignment after completing the labs assignments
Creating virtual machines. Dr. Danish Khan Jan 2021 Lab objectives Create three virtual machines; Windows Server 2016, Windows 10 and Kali Linux and verify connectivity between them. Background A virtual machine is a software computer that, like a physical machine, runs an operating system and applications. A virtual machine uses the physical resources of the physical machine on which it runs, which is called the host system. Virtual machines have virtual devices that provide the same functionality as physical hardware, but with the additional benefits of portability, manageability, and security. A virtual machine has an operating system and virtual resources that you manage in much the same way that you manage a physical computer. For example, you install an operating system in a virtual machine in the same way that you install an operating system on a physical computer. You must have a CD-ROM, DVD, or ISO image that contains the installation files from an operating system vendor. This paragraph is taken from the VMware documents website (VMware, 2019) and for interested readers I have included the link under the heading ‘works cited’. Virtual machines are great to provide an isolated environment to test a software, OS patch before deploying into production environment or test a vulnerability in the system without affecting live systems or a host operating system. Prerequisites None Required resources The lab instructions in this lab are written and tested based on VMware products. Due to a license agreement between the college and VMware, I will be using VMware products. You can download required resources from the Computer Security website. You need the following resources: · Kali Linux VMware 64-bit image · Windows Server 2016 ISO image · VMware workstation player for Windows or VMfusion player for MAC Note 1: You do not have to use VMware products and I am not advertising VMware products here. You are free to use any other available products and this does not affect your answers you have to provide in the reflection part at the end of the lab. However the lab instructions, video and/or screenshots may not match. Watch the video available at the Computer Security website and then perform the reflection part of the lab. Reflection a. Verify that the IP address of all the virtual machines belongs to the same subnet. Use a logical method to prove this. b. Why does the ping response fail from Kali to Windows Server 2016, but the ping works in another direction? How do you make the ping works? End of lab configurations None Microsoft Word - Cryptograhic hash functions.docx Cryptographic hash functions. Danish Khan Dec 2019 Cryptographic hash functions. Page 1 of 5 Table of Contents OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 PREREQUISITES .................................................................................................................................................... 4 REQUIRED RESOURCES ......................................................................................................................................... 4 COMPARE HASH VALUES OF A DOWNLOADED FILE .............................................................................................. 4 REFLECTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Cryptographic hash functions. Page 2 of 5 Cryptographic hash functions Approximate time to finish: 60 min Objectives Understand the application of cryptographic hash functions (SHA-2-512) Background A hash function is used to check data integrity. Hash does not encrypt data, nor it requires a key. Hash is a representation of data which is also called message digest. A hash function produces a fixed-length output against the variable length block of data as input and the hash output is always same if the data is not changed assuming that the same algorithm is used when calculating the hash. A hash function can be defined as: ℎ = ?(?) where h is a hash value (fixed size), M is a message of variable size and H is the hash function. The message could vary in length, but the hash function applies to the fixed length message block. Figure 1 Cryptographic hash function Error! Reference source not found. shows the process involving in generating a hash value. The variable message is padded so that the length is congruent to 896 modulo 1024. The length of padding is in the range 1-1024 bits and consists of a single 1 bit followed by the necessary number of 0 bits. Length field is a block of 128 bits appended to the message which contains the length of the original message before the padding. For example, the message in ASCII characters ‘abc’ has the following equivalent 24-bit binary 01100001 01100010 01100011 The above message is padded to a length congruent to 896 modulo 1024. The padding consists of 896-24=872 bits. Out of 872 padding bits, the first bit will be ‘1’ following by “0s”. The length will be 24 bits since the original message length is 24 bits (without the padding). Following will be the 1024-bit message in hexadecimal format. Cryptographic hash functions. Page 3 of 5 6162638000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000018 Remember each hexadecimal is represented by 4 bits. In the above example, each block has 16 hexadecimal or 64 bits (16x4). The message in hexadecimal is 616263. The padding in hexadecimal is 80000 up to 872 bit shown in bold face (896th bit position when counting the message). The length is the last two blocks (16x2 hexadecimal or 64x2 bits). Requirements for cryptographic hash functions Requirements Description Variable input size H can be applied to a block of data of any size Fixed output size H produces a fixed-length output Efficiency H(x) is relatively easy to compute for any given x making both hardware and software implementations practical Preimage resistant (one-way property) For any given hash value h, it is computationally infeasible to find y such that H(y) = h. Second preimage resistant (weak collision resistant) For any given block x, it is computationally infeasible to find ? ≠ ? with H(y) = H(x) Collision resistant (strong collision resistant) It is computationally infeasible to find any pair (x, y) such that H(x) = H(y) Pseudorandomness Output of H meets standard tests for pseudorandomness Cryptographic hash functions. Page 4 of 5 Prerequisites • How to create virtual machines Required resources The lab can be done in either VM or non-VM environment. • Windows 10 OS or a virtual machine