Week 3 Quiz Concepts List 1. Types of Molecules that can move through cell membrane without the aid of a membrane protein - Most nonpolar molecules (e.g. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and small...

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Week 3 Quiz Concepts List   1. Types of Molecules that can move through cell membrane without the aid of a membrane protein - Most nonpolar molecules (e.g. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and small hydrocarbons) can pass through the membrane.  Most polar molecules cannot pass through the membrane - the exceptions are water, methanol, and single-carbon alcohols. Large molecules like glucose and charged ions like potassium and sodium cannot pass through the membrane. See pgs. 74-76 in OpenStax 0. Catabolic vs. anabolic pathways - Catabolic pathways will convert (breakdown) complex molecules into simpler ones and release energy for the organism to use.  Anabolic pathways will use energy to create more complex molecules from simpler molecules (remember anabolic is building like anabolic steroids “bulk” muscles). Pgs 92-93 in OpenStax.   0. Cycle between catabolic and anabolic pathways (who requires energy and who releases it) - the energy released by catabolic pathways can be used by the organism in anabolic pathways.   0. Change in concentration gradient alters rate of diffusion - As the concentration gradient increases, so does the rate of diffusion and vice versa.   0. Remember that cells which undergo photosynthesis (like plants and algae) also undergo cellular respiration.   0. Cycle between cellular respiration and photosynthesis - the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants/starting materials for cellular respiration.  The products of cellular respiration (water and carbon dioxide) are the starting materials for photosynthesis. These two processes together for a cycle. pg. 130-131 in OpenStax.   0. Equation of photosynthesis: using the light energy from the sun carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) react in the chloroplast to form oxygen (O2) and glucose (C6H12O6). This process 117-121 in OpenStax. Remember that glucose is made during photosynthesis as the first step in creating larger more complex molecules.   0. Equation of cellular respiration: oxygen (O2) and glucose (C6H12O6) react in the mitochondria and are converted into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used by the cell to form ATP (from ATP and inorganic phosphate).  Some energy is also lost as heat. This process breaks down a glucose molecule and releases energy; therefore, it is catabolic. pgs. 104-107 in OpenStax.   0. Fermentation - the process by which some organisms breakdown organic molecules and store energy as ATP in the absence of oxygen. This is less efficient than cellular respiration. pg. 107-110 in OpenStax.   0. ATP as Energy sounce in cell - Review pgs. 102-107 in OpenStax. The phosphate groups in ATP are negatively charged, and when they are joined together by covalent bonds, there is a lot of potential energy present.  I like this video clip from the Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration/v/atp to gain further insight into this molecule.   0. Energy cannot be created or destroyed - This is the law of conservation of energy.  Remember that in photosynthesis energy from the sun is captured and stored in the form of glucose, and when glucose is broken down, that stored energy is released. The cell uses this energy to make and utilize APT. Openstax pgs. 102-107.   0. Tenants of Cell Theory - pg. 59 in OpenStax.  A. All living things are composed of one or more cells. B. All new cells are created from pre-existing cells dividing into two and reproducing. C. The cell is the most basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms.   0. Remember that your metabolism contains many different metabolic pathways each composed of a series of chemical reactions.   0. Enzymes are the regulators of metabolism. Enzymes are proteins, so it is the 3D shape of the enzyme that determines what it does. See pgs. 97-102 in OpenStax.   0. The Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. See pgs. 104-107 in OpenStax.   0. Glycolysis (pgs. 103-104 in OpenStax) is the first step in the process of breaking down glucose for usable energy in the cell. It has two phases. In phase 1, 3 pyruvate molecules are made. In step 2, ATP and NADH are made.   0. Chemiosmosis produces 90% of the ATP molecules made during glucose catabolism. Pg. 107 OpenStax   0. Chlorophyll reflects green light, but absorbs red and blue. See pg. 124 in OpenStax.   0. The Link between DNA and Metabolism - remember your genes encode for proteins and enzymes are proteins.  It is enzymes that regulate metabolism. The link between these two is that the enzymes that govern metabolism are encoded for on your genes.   0. The common characteristics of metabolic pathways - There are four common features among metabolic pathways.   a. Many pathways are universal among living organisms. For example, catalase is found in nearly all living organisms, and in each it has the same function. b. metabolic pathways have many steps with multiple intermediate products c. Each step in the pathway is catalyzed by an enzyme d. Metabolic pathways are regulated e. While not one of the four main characteristics, remember that many metabolic pathways are reversible.   0. Competitive vs. Non-competitive inhibitors - Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme and compete for binding at that site with the substrate.  Non-competitive inhibitors bind at another location on the enzyme and by binding cause a change in the shape of the enzyme’s active site. This prevents the substrate from binding. There are nice diagrams of these two on this website: http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/573inhibit.html   22. Many chemical reactions come together to form a metabolic pathway. All of the metabolic pathways in an organism make up their metabolism.