There are two components to the assessment task: the written assessment plan (10%); and the written...

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There are two components to the assessment task: the written assessment plan (10%); and the written assessment (25%). Each of these components are very important to good performance in the module and should be taken seriously. You are to ensure you are familiar with, and adhere to Macquarie University’s policies including, but not limited to those related to academic integrity and plagiarism. The Assessment Plan has a strict word limit of 500 words, excluding footnote references. There is no need to provide a Bibliography for the Assessment Plan. The due date and time for this assessment task is Monday 19th August 2019 by 12.00pm. Any work submitted after this time will be accounted as a late submission which will attract 5% marks deduction for every day of lateness. The Written Assessment Task has a strict word limit of 2000 words, excluding footnote references and Bibliography. You are required to include a Bibliography in this submission. The due date and time for this assessment task is Monday 9 th September 2019 by 12.00pm. Any work submitted after this time will be accounted as a late submission which will attract 5% marks deduction for every day of lateness. INFORMATION ABOUT REFERENCING Compliance with AGLC3 Referencing style guide is desirable for the Assessment Plan and the Written Assessment Task. While you will not be penalized for referencing mistakes, adherence to the AGLC3 reference guide will likely earn you higher marks. In addition, please note that the AGLC3 reference guide is a footnote style and not an in-text or endnote referencing style. Footnotes will not count towards the word-limit, but should generally be restricted to referencing primary and secondary sources. Discussion placed in footnotes that is unnecessary or that should have been placed in the body of your answer will not earn you any marks. HSYP804 Health Law and Policy Module Policy Reform Assessment Task S2 2019 2 LAW REFORM TASK QUESTION The Health Law and Policy module of this unit has focused on the framework for public health governance at the international, regional and national levels using a number of countries as case studies. In doing so, we have engaged with laws, institutions and mechanisms at each of these levels to inform discussions of how public health problems can be addressed through law. With this in mind, your assignment is to: Choose a country and examine any current public health issue in that country which you think will be suitable for law reform to bring about changes in the situation of public health. You are free to determine the scope of your paper. To this extent, you can choose to focus on the situation of public health in the entire country, or you can restrict your focus to a state or community in the country. You are also free to determine which aspect of public health governance (whether the international, regional and/or national level) is best suited to inform law reform in the context of your paper; and how best to engage with the laws, institutions and mechanisms for improved public health governance and outcomes. In your answer, ensure you provide clear structure that identifies the health issues that create the need for law reform to improve public health outcomes, namely: 1) examine the current legal framework relevant to the health issues identified; 2) discuss how the current legal framework can apply to the health problems identified by your paper; 3) identify the institutional framework and legal mechanisms that can be deployed in the process of advocacy for reform; 4) examine potential areas of shortcomings in the legal and institutional framework that may hinder the resolution of the health problems; and 5) identify strategies that can be used to mitigate and/or address these shortcomings. Good submissions will recognise that these five areas identified above should form the thematic division of your law reform submission. Note that well-structured papers would (almost always) earn higher marks than poorly structured papers.

Anju Lata · Accepted Answer

6
Assessment
Topic: Water Pollution in Bangladesh
Student Name:
Student ID:
	Introduction
According to National Institute of Environmental Health Science, the contamination of sources of water like rivers, lakes, groundwater and oceans due to introduction of hazardous chemicals and other contaminants is known as water pollution.1 Leading water contaminants include pesticides and fertilizers, food processing waste and sewage, mercury, lead and other heavy metals, and chemical discharge from industrial waste.
Water Pollution is one of the serious threats to the public health and well being in Bangladesh. The sources of drinking water are degraded with the presence of pesticides, harmful metals and coliform bacteria.2 Human activities like inappropriate transfer of sewage in rivers and meaningless use of chemicals in agriculture and improper disposal of waste significantly deteriorate the quality of water sources. The microbial contamination also contributes to complex health problems in Bangladesh.
The purpose of this report is to recognize the health problems that develop the need of law reforms for improving the health outcomes in Bangladesh, (a) to analyze the existing legal framework that can be applied to health issues; (b) to identify the institutional and legal framework to be deployed in process of advocacy for reforms; (c) to discuss how these frameworks are applicable to the health problems; (d) to identify the potential shortcomings; and (e) to recommend strategies to prevent the shortcomings.
Identifying the Health Problems
Majority of the population in Bangladesh uses groundwater and surface water having significantly increased levels of arsenic. Therefore, there is high health risk related to water consumption. Bangladesh has high rate of childhood mortality due to contaminated water. The diseases like cholera, hepatitis A, dysentery and diarrhea are directly associated to unhygienic potable water. 97% of the overall population in rural locations in Bangladesh take drinking water from tube wells thus more than 77 million people are exposed to high levels of Arsenic which is a carcinogenic element.2 Excessive exposure to arsenic increases the risk of diseases like renal cancer, skin cancer and lung cancer, while also giving rise to generation of “arsenic orphans”.2 9.5% of the annual deaths in Bangladesh occur due to lack of hygiene, sanitation and water related reasons.3
The trace elements like Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd and Mn when present in water in limited concentration are considered essential for the human health.3 However, in Bangladesh Rivers their concentration mostly exceeds the limit directed by WHO. The water contains excessive amounts of many cations and anions. Alterations of Sodium ion in human body may adversely affect the plasma fluid volume, osmotic pressure, acid base balance, blood pressure and electrical activity of the cells in body. Excessive intake of Potassium ion may cause hyperkalaemia, resulting into cardiac arrhythmias. High consumption of calcium results into side effects like hypercalciuria, calcification of soft tissues, calculi in urinary tract and hypercalcemia.
Bacterial contamination due to Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Aeromonas, Klebsiella species, E.coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Listeria, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Vibrio species is highly significant in Bangladesh water bodies. As a result, there is extremely high incidence of diseases like cholera, food poisoning, skin lesions, typhoid, diarrhea, UTI and gastroenteritis.5
Current Legal Framework
Bangladesh has enacted legislative framework to safeguard the ground resources of water from pollution. Article 31 and 32 of constitution direct the fundamental right to life.4 Through Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act 1995, the government revised most of the old legislations. However, there are problems in effective implementation due to lack of institutional and political will.  There are legislations to protect the inland water resources from pollution like Water Act 2013, National Environment Policy (NEP), The Water Resource Planning Act 1992, Territorial Water and Maritime Zones Act 1974, The Agricultural Pests Ordinance 1962, Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act 1995, Environment Conservation Rules 1997, Environment Court Act 2010, Water Supply and Sewage Authority Act 1996, Local Government Laws, National River Protection Commission Act 2013,

There are two components to the assessment task: the written assessment plan (10%); and the written assessment (25%). Each of these components are very important to good performance in the module and...

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