THERE ARE THREE MAIL PARAGRAPHS ABOUT DIFFERENT TOPICS. YOU HAVE TO REWRITE THIS. READ IT AND REWRITE THIS IN YOUR OWN WORDS. SO NOT COPY ANYTHING . I NEED YOUR ANSWERS AS A READING RESPONSE. ALL TOGATHER MUST BE 1.5 - 2 PAGES. USE SIMPLE WORDS.
several seminal theories
Several seminal theories in religious studies have helped to stimulate academic reflection on
the origins and the nature of religion. Among these theories mentioned in your textbook, are
Edward B. Tyler’s
animism, Emile Durkheim’s
totemism, Paul Tillich’s
ultimate concern,
Rudolf Otto’s idea of the holy (numinous), and Mircea Eliade’s view of the
sacred. Each of
these theories (and many others) have contributed to the development of the field of religious
studies by revealing highly different ways to approach and define the topic-matter. Whereas
Tyler and Durkheim (an anthropologist and a sociologist respectively) viewed religion as
‘nothing more than a human [cultural or] social construct’ (p. 23), based on notions of
cultural evolution or the apotheosis of social ideals, scholars such as Tillich and Otto saw
something ultimately meaningful or mysteriously powerful in humankind’s religious search.
Each of their theories reflect their own biases about religion, and remind us that religion can
mean many things to different people. A single definition, therefore, may not be inherently
privileged or better than another. (see pp. 19–23)
missionary religions
Missionary religions have had an ambivalent impact on human societies for several reasons.
On the one hand, their usually altruistic motivations to help others have often contributed to
increased social welfare programs to aid the poor and to care for the sick/orphans (albeit
social tensions often accompanied such activities). Secondly, the adherents of missionary
religions often produced pioneering linguistic ethnographic, and historical studies of
indigenous religions enriching the understanding of them.
On the other hand, missionary religions have been tied to cultural imperialism, hostility
towards competing religions, and military aggression. Their adherents have sometimes been
insensitive to the religious beliefs and practices of outsiders generating considerable
resentment and even violent conflict. As a result, it is rather paradoxical to observe that the
usually altruistic impulse for spreading religion has given birth to remarkable kindness,
compassion, and generosity, yet also produced religious chauvinism and colonial
imperialism. Thus, your textbook suggests that the ‘missionary record has been mixed at
best, with some very disturbing undertones’. (see pp. 8–11)
pluralism and secularism
careful consideration of the nature, definition, and contemporary context of religion,
the authors make an important distinction between the terms
pluralismand
secularism.
They define pluralism as ‘the granting of equal support, acceptance, or decision making roles
to more than one religious group’ (p. 12). As such, pluralism is a conscious attitude toward
the issue of religious diversity, which embraces a spirit of openness and acceptance towards
religious heterogeneity, seeing such diversity as inherently positive; in contrast, secularism in
the Western context, is defined as ‘the exclusion in principle of all religious groups,
institutions, and identities from public support and participation in public decision making’
(p. 12). Secularism asserts that society is better off curtailing the roles of religion to a limited
sphere without government support (or even suppressing religion altogether). It sees the
separation of church and state to be inherently positive and even very wise. (It should be
noted that in the context of India, the term ‘secularism’ has a different, unique meaning,
which refers to guaranteed constitutional protections for India’s religious groups, where the
state plays an active role in their preservation.)
One can also differentiate other important forms of pluralism in religious discourse such
as ‘epistemological pluralism’ and ‘theological pluralism’. In theological language, ‘religious pluralism’ has a specific meaning in relation to other faiths, which posits that the world’s
religious are all efficacious paths to salvation/liberation. This theory, championed by the
philosopher John Hick and many others, remains highly influential today, although it is often
criticized. (see pp. 11–14)