There are 4 questions in total, and subject is Linguistics, there was no option so I wrote earth science
Ling100 1. Draw the following tree structures./12 a. That soup tastes really great. b. The secretary should have mailed the proposal. c. Those men on the shore saw a signal. 2. In tree 1b, make two arguments for the constituency of the object. Don’t just name the tests, but make the full argument./4 3. Draw tree structures of the following complement clauses. Draw the full sentences. /8 a. The tourists hoped that they might see a whale. b. The media has reported that the candidate won the election. 4. Draw tree structures of the following movements. Be sure that you draw the correct structure (DS/SS). /12 a. Who can eat oysters? (SS) b. Where should the player shoot the puck? (DS) c. Which boat should William buy? (SS) 0134069072.pdf Contemporary Linguistic Analysis An Introduction This page intentionally left blank Edited by William O’Grady UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA UNIVERSITY OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND and John Archibald UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA Eighth Edition Contemporary Linguistic Analysis An Introduction Toronto Vice-President, CMPS: Gary Bennett Editorial Director: Claudine O’Donnell Acquisitions Editor: Matthew Christian Marketing Manager: Christine Cozens Program Manager: Madhu Ranadive Project Manager: Avinash Chandra and Marissa Lok Developmental Editor: Patti Sayle Production Services: Cenveo® Publishing Services Production Editor: Rachel Stuckey Permissions Project Manager: Erica Mojzes Photo Permissions Research: Dimple Bhorwal, Aptara®, Inc. Text Permissions Research: Phyllis Padula, Aptara®, Inc. Art Director: Alex Li Cover Designer: Alex Li Cover Image: DrAfter123/Digital Vision Vectors/Getty Images Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permis- sion, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. This edition is authorized for sale only in Canada. First and second editions © 1987, 1992 by Copp Clark Pitman Ltd.; third edition © 1996 Copp Clark Ltd. If you purchased this book outside the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the publisher or the author. Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Canada Inc., Permissions Department, 26 Prince Andrew Place, Don Mills, Ontario, M3C 2T8, or fax your request to 416-447-3126, or submit a request to Permissions Requests at www.pearsoncanada.ca . 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 [EB] Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Contemporary linguistic analysis : an introduction / edited by William O’Grady (University of Hawaii), John Archibald (University of Victoria). — Eighth edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-321-83615-1 (pbk.) 1. Linguistic analysis (Linguistics)—Textbooks. I. Archibald, John, 1959-, editor II. O’Grady, William D. (William Delaney), 1952-, editor P126.C66 2015 41 C2014-908032-8 ISBN 978-0-321-83615-1 www.pearsoncanada.ca To the memory of Michael Dobrovolsky, founding co-editor of Contemporary Linguistic Analysis Convinced at once that, in order to break loose from the beaten paths of opinions and systems, it was necessary to proceed in my study of man and society by scientific methods, and in a rigorous manner, I devoted one year to philology and grammar; linguistics, or the natural his- tory of speech, being, of all the sciences, that which best suited the researches which I was about to commence. PIERRE-JOSEPH PROUDHON, WHAT IS PROPERTY ? (1840) vii Brief Contents Preface xiii About this book xvi List of technical abbreviations xvii 1 Language: a preview… 1 2 Phonetics: the sounds of language… 14 3 Phonology: contrasts and patterns… 56 4 Morphology: the analysis of word structure… 100 5 Syntax: the analysis of sentence structure… 139 6 Semantics: the analysis of meaning… 181 7 The classification of languages… 218 8 Historical linguistics: the study of language change… 249 9 Aboriginal languages of Canada… 307 10 First language acquisition… 323 11 Second language acquisition… 361 12 Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing… 391 13 Brain and language… 418 14 Language in social contexts… 439 15 Writing and language… 473 16 www.pearsoncanada.ca/ogrady (Companion Website) Animal communication Glossary 499 Sources 525 Language Index 539 Subject Index 543 www.pearsoncanada.ca/ogrady This page intentionally left blank ix Contents Preface xiii About this book xvi List of technical abbreviations xvii 1 Language: a preview… 1 WILLIAM O’GRADY 1.1 Specialization for language 1 1.2 A creative system 3 1.3 Grammar and linguistic competence 5 Summing up 11 Notes 12 Recommended reading 12 Exercises 12 Phonetics: the sounds of 2 language… 14 MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY 2.1 Phonetic transcription 15 2.2 The sound-producing system 17 2.3 Sound classes 20 2.4 Consonant articulation 22 2.5 Manners of articulation 25 2.6 Vowels 34 2.7 Phonetic transcription of Canadian English consonants and vowels 38 2.8 Suprasegmentals 40 2.9 Speech production 46 2.10 Other vowels and consonants 51 Summing up 52 Notes 52 Recommended reading 52 Exercises 53 Phonology: contrasts and 3 patterns… 56 WILLIAM O’GRADY CARRIE DYCK YVAN ROSE EWA CZAYKOWSKA-HIGGINS MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY 3.1 Segments 56 3.2 Syllables 65 3.3 Features 76 3.4 Derivations and rules 85