The study report on Instrumentation and Monitoring will be focused on ' Instrumentation and monitoring technologies for mining machines". 10 pages report

Report
on
Instrumentation and Monitoring Technologies
or
Mining Machines
Submitted To:                                 Submitted By:
Introduction
One of the primary methods for ensuring the safety of underground engineering construction is the use of an automatic monitoring system. It summarizes the current state of the underlying engineering surveillance system in terms of international research and implementation from three points of view: collection of data, transmission and data processing and stresses the latest key technology of the monitoring systems. Furthermore, this report proposes some specific and feasible technical routes that are based on the current smart technology and highlights some of the challenges for further monitoring, such as acquisition in accurately real-time, safe and reliable data monitoring transmission, fusion of multi-source data and the smart visual warning system that can guide the future research.
Mining operations use different types of equipment, often with different formats and interfaces. The efficiency of all processes, especially in larger plants can thus be difficult to manage. The instrumentation also increases the efficiency of automated mining operations through the control of many processes, such as crushing, vibration, flotation, concentration and loading In real time, mining instruments monitor material handling equipment such as crushers, mills, pumps, flotation cells and cleaners. They are also used in transport vehicles, silos and storage tanks to monitor fill levels. Types of instruments frequently used for control and monitoring of mining are point level devices, continuous level devices, contact-free level measuring devices, pressure and temperature gauge and automation control. By automating processes, mining operations can:
• Increase individual process efficiency
• Monitor and analyze processes for improved quality control and
• Reduce raw material waste and contamination.
• Make the workplace a safer place to work.
The impact on the environment is extremely prominent in the field of underground engineering. In the construction process, the demand for automated control system increased significantly with the increasing attention to ensure the environmental safety and the requirements for automated industrial production.
The construction safety study in underground engineering mainly employs traditional methods of manual monitoring which are cumbersome and time consuming in their data collection processes. More and more sensors, including vibrating wire sensor, optical fiber and MEMS sensors, have been used for surveillance through the development of the industrial technology. The most widely used optical fiber sensors have high durability, high long-lasting stability, spatial resolution and a high degree of electromagnetic interference immunity. In underground engineering monitoring, photogrammetric technology is often used in bridge surveillance gradually. Traditional manual surveillance techniques cannot provide high time and spatial resolution for data transmission. Wireless Sensor Network Technology (WSN), which is widely used in monitoring coal mining, are the focus of most research.
In this document, three aspects of the acquisition, data transmission and data processing are summarized as the research progress in the underground engineering monitoring system. This report provides concrete and realistic technological paths to guide future research based on current intelligent technology and the complexities of future that follow-up.
Framework
As shown below, the framework of underground monitoring system consists of four parts: data acquisition, transmission, analyzing and processing and early warning of security status. Mainly sensors and cameras are used for the data acquisition terminal. Data transmission utilizes wired and wireless modes; data analysis and processing incorporate a variety of smart algorithms and early security predictions based on processing outcomes.
Architecture of the Monitoring System
· Data Acquisition
· Traditional method of Data Acquisition
Monitoring of underground engineering typically encompasses stress, stress, displacement, and other parameters that affect rock mass stability. The required items include inside and outside the tunnel observation, the vault settlement, the surrounding displacement and ground settlement according to the technical standards for road tunnel construction. The inside and outside of the tunnel is mainly observed by manual field, and after excavation it is monitored using a convergence meter for the rock mass displacement in the surrounding area. The surface subsidence is principally monitored with a levelling instrument along with a steel ruler or total station instrument. A tunnel anchor axial force is monitored with an extender to control the relative displacement between anchor points with different depths in rock weight. A bar steel bar gauge is used. The following figure shows the main monitoring methods and tools. Traditional methods of monitoring manually collect data, which exposes a person to dangerous surroundings for a long time. Furthermore, the method takes time and changes the excavation schedule. This is why the automation of data acquisition has therefore received increasing attention.
Data acquisition by Traditional monitoring
· Sensor Acquisition
The conventional surveillance methods have many limitations, due to which, data with different sensors, including vibrant wire sensors, optical fiber captors and MEMS sensors, have been collected automatically in recent years.
Vibrating String Sensor- This sensor works by changing the natural frequency of vibration of a metal string sensor, expresses the magnitude of tension and converts it into electrical signal. Due to its strong anti-interference ability and temperature resistance, these sensors are used widely for the long-term monitoring of storage tanks, dams, civil buildings, tunnels and bridges. Based on the vibration string sensor principle, a steel frame has been developed to effectively estimate the concrete prestress and to significantly reduce monitoring costs. The vibration-string surface strain gauge and joint measurement were used to monitor the operational performance of the...