The stigma related to having a mental illness, especially a chronic illness, persists despite improvements in the management of illnesses and an increase in public education. Which of the following...

The stigma related to having a mental illness, especially a chronic illness, persists despite improvements in the management of illnesses and an increase in public education. Which of the following views most perpetuates the stigma?

1. Mental illness is hereditary.

2. Mental illnesses have biochemical bases.

3. Clients cannot prevent mental illness if they want to do so.

4. Clients can recover from mental illness if they have willpower.