The point of writing annotations is to give you practice with a useful method for keeping track of what you read. This will be a helpful skill to acquire as you continue your education.
I’m am attaching six articles. Please choose three (3) of them to use for this assignment.
Instructions:
Read three (3) articles from the five (5) choices provided and submit a summary paragraph for each (250-300 words) and an analytical paragraph for each (approximately 250-300 words).
Include at the top of the paragraph(s) the bibliographic information for each article in ASA (American Sociological Association) format. Information regarding formatting references in ASA format can be found below.
Summary paragraphsstate the main points of the article (and are very similar to a journal abstract).
Analytical commentscan vary, but typically do one or more of the following:
- Provide an extension or counterpoint to what is being read
- Show how ideas encountered resonate with, or are used analytically, to understand aspects of the problem or topic being researched
- Connect what is being discussed in this course to other courses taken (including other Sociology courses, Anthropology courses, Psychology courses, and/or Philosophy courses); and/or
- Express or develop your own scholarly interest and curiosity.
Do not feel that you must touch on all these topics for youranalytical paragraphs. Choosing one or two per article is expected.
iObjectify: Self‐ and other‐objectification on Grindr, a geosocial networking application designed for men who have sex with men RESEARCH ARTICLE iObjectify: Self- and other-objectification on Grindr, a geosocial networking application designed for men who have sex with men Joel R. Anderson‡ , Elise Holland* , Yasin Koc† & Nick Haslam* * School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia † School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK ‡ School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Correspondence Joel R. Anderson, School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne Campus (St Patrick), Locked Bag 4115, Victoria 3065, Australia. E-mail: joel.anderson@acu.edu.au Received: 21 March 2017 Accepted: 2 November 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2350 Keywords: objectification, self- objectification, male objectification, MSM, Grindr, online dating Abstract Grindr is a smartphone application for men who have sex with men (MSM). Despite its reputation as a ‘hook-up app’, little is known about its users’ self- presentation strategies and how this relates to objectification. This article explores objectification on Grindr. The results of Study 1 showed that Grindr users objectified other men more than non-Grindr users. A content analysis of 1400 Grindr profiles in Study 2 showed that profile pictures with objectify- ing content were related to searching for sexual encounters. Finally, a survey of Grindr users in Study 3 revealed that objectification processes and sexual- ized profile pictures were related to some objectification-relevant online behaviors (e.g., increased use of Grindr, discussion of HIV status). Interest- ingly, the presence of body focused profile contentwasmore related to sexual orientation disclosure (not being ‘out’) than to objectification. This article presents evidence that Grindr usage and online presentation are related to objectification processes. Rapid advances in technology and evolving societal conditions have fundamentally changed dating practices. As the technology around e-dating continues to improve, and individuals are becoming increasingly time-poor, people are finding it easier and more conve- nient to use online platforms tomeet romantic partners. Indeed,more people than ever are using such platforms. A study by the Pew Research Centre (2016) revealed that 38% of single American adults have used mobile dating apps or online dating websites to look for a partner. This constitutes 11% of all adult Americans, an increase from just 3% in 2008. Globally, there are an estimated 91 million online daters, with large portions of this population being men (62%), and under the age of 35 (70%), with the majority being relatively well-educated and from a range of socio- economic and ethnic backgrounds (Global Web Index, 2015). The experience of online dating is undoubtedly differ- ent from traditional dating in several important ways. For example, the pool of potential partners is expanded beyond the user’s existing contacts, and matching algorithms allow a simultaneous refinement of the online pool to filter out non-relevant partners based on pre-defined criteria. Online dating services may be especially efficient ways for members of particular groups to identify members of a potential dating pool. Research has suggested that online dating might be particularly useful for sexual minorities, who have a numerically restricted pool of partners and limited options for identifying them (Rosenfeld & Thomas, 2012). The topic of this article is online dating practices of men who have sex with men (MSM), and more specifically the methods by which they choose to repre- sent themselves online. We present a series of studies that explore how Grindr users visually present them- selves on the app, focusing specifically on objectified self-presentation strategies. In doing so, we explore this phenomenon and its associated outcomes through the lens of objectification theory. Grindr: A Location-Based Application Designed for Men Who Have Sex with Men Grindr is a social network application targeted to MSM, which uses location-based technologies to identify other users. The application was launched in 2009, and it has had a brief yet successful history with over 10 million downloads and over 5 million active users spread over 192 countries, making it the most popular application of its type (Woo, 2013). Typically, Grindr is used by MSM to find partners for dating, friendship, or sex, although its reputation is for the latter (i.e., as a hook-up applica- tion; Gudelunas, 2012). The few studies that have used Grindr have reported that the application provides easy access to willing and hard-to-reach research samples (Burrell et al., 2012; Eslen-Ziya & Koc, 2016; Koc, 2016). EJSP 600 European Journal of Social Psychology 48 (2018) 600–613 Copyright ª 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3649-2003 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6550-3811 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6727-3842 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-2340 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2350 The application is straightforward to use. Grindr users create a unique profile that is comprised of a series of self-presentational elements, including a single picture of their choice, and then a series of optional text-based additions including a display name, a byline, demographic details (e.g., age, ethnicity), a short open text section, and then a series of options that can be chosen to represent what the user is ‘looking for’ (either friends, relationships, chat, dates, networking, or ‘right now’ [i.e., sexual encounters]). Visual examples of Grindr profiles are presented in Figure 1. The Grindr user’s smartphone device uses a GPS function to locate other users in close proximity and presents these profiles to the original user who can choose to look at their profile and then initiate an online conversation. Of particular interest to the objectification-based hypotheses explored in this article is the ‘looking for’ element in the description of the profile owner, and the visual components of the picture used. We argue, based on the work of Confer, Perilloux, and Buss (2010), that Grindr’s ‘looking for’ element can be used to infer evolutionarily adaptive mating orientations, which might be related to objectification processes. Specifically, when creating the profile, the user self-classifies as either having a long-term (i.e., re- lationship) or short-term (i.e., right now [sexual en- counter]) dating goal, or an ostensibly non-dating goal (i.e., chats, friends, networking). Confer et al. (2010) tested the hypothesis that short-term mating goals in heterosexual men would lead to the prioritization of bodily visual cues over facial cues. To do this, they presented men with an image of a woman whose face and body were occluded by two separate boxes. Partici- pants were instructed to consider dating the woman in either a short- or long-term capacity, and were asked which one of the boxes (i.e., the ‘face box’ or ‘body box’) to remove. They found that men assigned to the short-term mating condition were significantly more likely to remove the ‘body box’ than men in the long- term mating condition, suggesting that men have an adaptive mechanism that manifests as a tendency to focus on body cues under conditions where short-term mating is salient. We propose to extend the work of Confer et al. (2010) in two new directions, by examin- ing focus on body cues in self-presentation rather than in the perception of others, and by studying non-heterosexual men. That is, we test whether a short-term mating orientation translates into a focus on one’s own body among MSM. In other words, this article explores whether MSM with short-term mating goals are more likely to present themselves in a body focused and objectifying manner. On Grindr, users self-select a profile picture to represent themselves. Although this content is typically a standard head-shot style photo (as seen in Figure 1), there is the potential for users to present themselves in an objectified way— they can choose a profile picture that is sexualized (e.g., wearing minimal clothing), or that has a body focus (e.g., with the image cropped to emphasize their body). Since MSM often use Grindr to find sex partners, and since Grindr users can potentially present themselves in an objectified fashion, we believe it is useful to Fig. 1: Example screen shots from a Grindr profile; the screen shows nearby users (left) or an individual profile (right). Images courtesy of Grindr’s press kit [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] European Journal of Social Psychology 48 (2018) 600–613 Copyright ª 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 601 J.R. Anderson et al. Self- and other-objectification on Grindr explore self-presentation and objectification strategies through objectification theory. Objectification Theory and Sexual Orientation The tenets of objectification theory (Fredrickson & Rob- erts, 1997) propose that women are sexually objectified in the Western world—a process that reduces them to the sum of their body parts (Bartky, 1990). As the the- ory suggests, this objectification encourages women to adopt and internalize a third-person perspective of the self – i.e., to self-objectify – which results in a host of harmful mental health outcomes (for a review see Moradi & Huang, 2008). Although objectification the- ory was originally applied to the lived experiences of women, recent evidence suggests that men are also vul- nerable to objectification and its negative outcomes. Re- search has revealed that men are objectified by others (e.g., Gervais, Vescio, & Allen, 2011; Gray, Knobe, Sheskin, Bloom, & Barrett, 2011; Loughnan et al., 2010), and also engage in self-objectification (e.g., Hebl, King, & Lin, 2004; Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005; Thomp- son & Cafri, 2007). The outcomes of being objectified (by the self or by others) can negatively impact how men are perceived and treated (Gray et al., 2011; Loughnan et al., 2010), and objectification has been shown to contribute negatively to men’s mental health (e.g., Agliata & Tantleff-Dunn, 2004; Leit, Gray, & Pope, 2002). Although a substantial body of evidence now re- veals the prevalence and impact of objectification for both men and women, less is known about how these processes play out for sexual minorities. Objectification processes differ formen andwomen as a function of their sexual orientation, and MSM in par- ticular are susceptible to being targeted for objectifica- tion (for a review of the experiences and impact of objectification for samples of lesbian women, see Hill & Fischer, 2008; Kozee & Tylka, 2006). Compared to straight men, MSM place more importance on physical attractiveness (e.g., Gettelman & Thompson, 1993; Morrison,Morrison, & Sager, 2004; Siever, 1994), strive to achieve the mesomorphic ideal (i.e., a muscular yet lean build; Swami & Tovée, 2008; Tiggemann, Martins, & Kirkbride, 2007), and are more attuned to their own bodily appearance (Sergios & Cody, 1985; Silberstein, Mishkind, Striegel-Moore, Timko, & Rodin, 1989). Re- search has shown that MSM score similarly to hetero- sexual women on measures of self-objectification (Engeln-Maddox, Miller, & Doyle, 2011), but signifi- cantly higher than heterosexual men (Dakanalis et al., 2012; Kozak, Frankenhauser,