The loaded steel framing shown consists of bars 1, 2, and 3 with their corresponding flexural rigidity. The leftmost side is clamped (fixed support), the opposite side hinged, and a roller support at...

The loaded steel framing shown consists of bars 1, 2, and 3 with their corresponding flexural rigidity. The leftmost side is clamped (fixed support), the opposite side hinged, and a roller support at the middle. If each bar may be subjected to Euler buckling and a = 3 m,

1. Determine the critical load for each member.


2. Calculate the factor of safety (F.S.) of the whole frame against buckling.
   
   c. At what value of P will the frame start to have a buckled member?

GIVEN:

P = 143 Kn

I₁
(x10⁶
mm⁴) = 3.7860

 Note: Joints where members meet can be treated as pin.