The Kidney controls body water and blood electrolyte balance despite inevitable loses which occur by...

Question

The Kidney controls body water and blood electrolyte balance despite inevitable loses which occur by other routes.
The aim of this laboratory exercise is to explore the mechanism of controlling the circulating volume. You will manipulate your circulating volume by consuming standardised (relative to body size) volume of fluids which are suspected of influencing your blood volume and osmolarity. Then you will determine that how rapidly and completely the ingested volume is eliminated.

Safety:

1. Lab coats must be worn
2. Use gloves to handle your bodily fluids.

Do not eat, chew, smoke or drink in the lab. Keep hands, pens etc. away from the mouth.

4. Always place all bags, coats etc. away from the working area.
5. Hands must be washed after handling body fluids.

Do not participate in this lab if you diabetes or any renal problems

You will be measuring volumes of your own urine. Follow the instructions below carefully and ensure you wash your hands after each measurement.

Any spillages should be reported to a member of staff.

Materials:

??Measuring cylinder
?? Drinking water
?? Coffee

Methods:

On arrival at the laboratory, divide yourself into 4 groups of about equal size. Allocate one test condition (see list below) to each of your group. Weight yourself, and estimate lean body mass (LBM) as 80% of body weight in kg for males and 70% for females.
Test Conditions:
Subject 1 nothing- acts as control
Subject 2 5 ml/Kg^-1
water
Subject 3 20 ml/Kg^-1
water
Subject 4 20 ml/Kg^-1
water- after 60 or 60 minutes at the height of diuresis, exercise vigorously for 20 minutes on the bicycle.
Subject 5 20 ml/Kg^-1
(water+ Coffee- ? of your total amount)

Before coming to the lab you should have: -

Emptied your bladder!!.

Been allocated a number within your group to determine how much water you will need to consume for this experiment. 1= Nothing

2= 5ml/Kg of body weight
3= 20ml/Kg of body weight
4=20ml/Kg of body weight
5=20ml/Kg of body weight
Round your body weight to the nearest 5kg.E.g 52kg=50Kg, 78Kg=80Kg and use the table below to determine how much water you need to consume. The water will be provided in the lab.

Body Weight	Volume of water(ml)	No. of Cups
5ml/kg	20ml/kg	5ml/kg	20ml/kg
50	250	1000	1.25	5
55	275	1100	1.25	5.5
60	300	1200	1.5	6
65	325	1300	1.5	6.5
70	350	1400	1.75	7
75	375	1500	1.75	7.5
80	400	1600	2	8
85	425	1700	2	8.5
90	450	1800	2.25	9
95	475	1900	2.25	9.5
100	500	2000	2.5	10

This experiment takes exactly 2½ hours so it is important that
as soon as you come into the class to consume the correct volume of water, take and start a timer and sit back down! (NB Make sure you have emptied your bladder first!!) It is important that you drink all the water as rapidly as possible so that the relevant physiological are activated quickly.

If you have diabetes or a renal problem, please do not participate in this lab. You can collect the data from your classmates.

The experimental time line is as follows:

Just prior to experiment empty your bladder into a measuring cylinder provided to determine volume accumulating during the time since last performance. Measure amount of urine produced and record.

2. Time = 0. Begin consuming your treatment drink. Finish the drink as rapidly as possible. This is important to activate the relevant physiological operations quickly.
3. Empty your bladder every 20 minutes for the next 2 - 2.5 hours.

Measure volume of urine produced each time and record. Total volume in 20 minutes will provide rate of urine formation (ml/hr^-1)

Results:

1) Tabulate all your results on the blackboard to see the class picture.
2) Chart the lab information on a graph displaying urine output as a function of time.
3) Describe your results form comparing the total urine output for the four groups.
4) Describe and critically analyse the effect of exercise and coffee intake on urine out.

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Robert · Accepted Answer

3
Effect of Water, Caffeine and Exercise on Fluid balance in the Body
Abstract
Kidneys help in excretion of Nitrogenous waste, helps in regulating of fluid balance or Maintenance of Osmotic Pressure. ADH is a hormone which controls functioning of Kidneys. The secretion of ADH varies with intake of water, exercise, caffeine, etc. If less water is taken in then there is more ADH produced to reduce the urine volume. 
Introduction
Excretion is the process of removal of nitrogenous waste products like ammonia, urea, uric acid, etc., along with excess of water, salts and pigments out of the body. Excretion helps to main homeostasis inside the human body. Kidney is the primary excretory organ in human beings other vertebrates. Along with excretion, kidney plays an essential role in maintaining the concentration and osmotic pressure (osmo-concentration) of blood and extracellular fluids by regulating the amount of water lost from the body. If large amount of water is taken in, more water is eliminated by kidneys and vice versa. Kidneys also regulate the amount of mineral salts like potassium and sodium ions which are essential for various body functions like muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulse, etc. Thus the composition of our body fluids is determined not by what we take, but by what kidneys keep or eliminate. 
Method
The class is divided into 5 groups each with 5 subjects (people). Before starting the experiment, all subjects are asked to empty their bladders. Each subject is made to follow the allocated condition given in table 1.
	SUBEJECT
	CONDITION
	1
	No Condition (control)
	2
	5ml/kg of water 
	3
	20ml/kg of water
	4
	20ml/kg of water. After 60 minutes exercise vigorously for 20 minutes on exercise bike
	5
	20ml/kg water and coffee 
Table 1: Different conditions allocated to different subjects
 Each subject were asked to measure their weight and calculate their lean body mass (LBM) as 80% of body weight in kg for males and 70% for females. This weight of each subject was then used to identify the volume of liquid (water and caffeine) they are supposed to intake according to Table 2.
	Weight kg
	Vol. Water
	Number of cups
	
	5ml/kg
	20ml/kg
	5ml/kg
	20ml/kg
	50
	250
	1000
	1.25
	5
	55
	275
	1100
	1.25
	5.5
	60
	300
	1200
	1.5
	6
	65
	325
	1300
	1.5
	6.5
	70
	350
	1400
	1.75
	7
	75
	375
	1500
	1.75
	7.5
	80
	400
	1600
	2
	8
	85
	425
	1700
	2
	8.5
	90
	450
	1800
	2.25
	9
	95
	475
	1900
	2.25
	9.5
	100
	500
	2000
	2.5
	10
Table 2: Volume of water each subject is required to drink according to their weight
Then each subject in each of the 5 groups was asked to drink water in 20 minutes time interval and empty their bladder after this time interval. This process was carried out for 2 hours and volume of urine is measured after each 20 minute interval. 
Health and Safety
Lab coats and gloves had to worn throughout the experiment. Care was taken while collecting and measuring urine samples. Hands should be washed immediately and properly after each time urine is collected. Also, if any person had diabetes, then that individual was not allowed to take part in this laboratory exercise. 
Results
Following results were found after carrying out the experiment:
	SUBEJECT
	CONDITION
	WEIGHT (Kg)
	NUMBER OF CUPS
	1
	No Condition (control)
	 80
	 -
	2
	5ml/kg of water 
	 65
	 1.5
	3
	20ml/kg of water
	 65
	 6.

The Kidney controls body water and blood electrolyte balance despite inevitable loses which occur by other routes. The aim of this laboratory exercise is to explore the mechanism of controlling the...

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