Microsoft Word - ENV506_Project_Grading_Criteria_2018.doc ENV506 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MODELLING Monitoring challenge (Report) – Grading Criteria Due: XXXXXXXXXXNov 2018, 11:59pm Contribution...

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The fourth assignment is supposed to be built on Assignment 2. There is supposed to be latest references from 2018.



Microsoft Word - ENV506_Project_Grading_Criteria_2018.doc ENV506 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MODELLING Monitoring challenge (Report) – Grading Criteria Due: 25 Nov 2018, 11:59pm Contribution to unit grade: 40% Format: Scientific Report Length: 5000 words including references Late penalty: 5% per day Criteria Possible Marks Items to include in assignment to meet criteria Abstract 15 - Short and succinct summary of the report that include problem definition, methods, main findings, and implications Introduction 25 - Definition / description of the problem you are tackling and its importance. - Explanation of the need for remote sensing and spatial analysis to address the monitoring problem. - Identification of the required spatial and temporal scales of information. - An overview of how remote sensing and spatial information is used in your application area considering data sets used, processing techniques, results, and limitations - students must use at least five recent articles (last 5 years). - Clearly defined aims and objectives. Methodological approach 20 - Detailed information on the data sets used including the spatial (resolution, extent, location), spectral, temporal (image dates), and radiometric characteristics. - Overview map of study area location. - Detailed description of processing stages and techniques used including justification for the methods chosen. Results 20 - Clearly presented results that address the aims and objectives outlined in the introduction. - Inclusion of relevant maps, tables, and graphs – all of which should be correctly labelled and referenced in the text. - Inclusion of some form of accuracy assessment reporting. Discussion 20 - Explanation and critical assessment of results achieved with reference to the literature. - Identification of limitations to the work. - Suggestions for improvement. Conclusion 10 - Well summarised, concise, and succinct summary of the work completed, major findings and implications (no new ideas introduced) References 5 - Correctly structured reference list for all cited books, journal articles, conference papers, reports and web sites. Presentation 10 - Correctly structured reference list for all cited books, journal articles, conference papers, reports and web sites. - Journal target is stated and appropriate for the work completed - Submission conforms to editorial guidelines of selected journal Total Marks 125 Note: Up to ten points will be deducted for poorly presented reports, including spelling or grammatical errors, and / or poorly constructed paragraphs, sentences, or arguments. Any text past the word limit will be discarded. Assessment Item 4 Assessment Item 4 – Environmental monitoring application (FINAL REPORT) Due Date: 01 Dec 2018 Contribution to unit grade: 40% Length: 3000 words (ENV306) or 5000 words (ENV506) Complete the image processing and spatial analysis required to address the problem that you identified in your proposal, and construct a scientific report to communicate your findings. Your final report submission should be based on your project proposal. If your proposal is well written, then it can and should be incorporated directly into your final submission. This project is designed to showcase the skills that you have learnt in this class, so make sure that you choose a processing/analysis task that will appropriately demonstrate this. Students will be required to complete this work outside of the hours that have been allocated for the intensive mode practical delivery. Your final submission should be formatted as a scientific report and must include the following: 1. Introduction – including a brief literature review on the application of spatial analysis in the selected topic area, your aims and objectives; 2. Methods -  including description of data, processing stages and analysis applied; 3. Results - using appropriate maps, tables and charts to illustrate findings; 4. Discussion - of results and approach including any limitations of the study and suggestions for improvement; 5. Conclusion; and 6. References. Students should also refer closely to the grading criteria when constructing this project. The Monitoring Challenge can be found here: PDF Environmental Monitoring Challenge Assessment items 2 & 4 Background The Tiwi Islands are an ecologically and culturally important region of northern Australia. The vegetation is dominated by tropical savanna woodland, interspersed with monsoon rainforest and mangrove swamps. The islands are still home to a number of small mammals which have gone extinct on the mainland. Small-scale plantation forestry operations have been running on the islands since the 1960s. The impact of plantation forestry on natural ecosystem processes and biodiversity requires ongoing assessment. Conversion from natural tropical savanna to monoculture plantations alters vegetation composition and habitat structure - but does it hold any broader-scale consequences, such as changes in local climate arising from alteration of surface reflectance? Establishment of forestry in tropical region scan also lead to alteration of natural fire regimes in remaining native vegetation patches. This arises from the tendency of land managers to burn the adjacent blocks at very frequent intervals to reduce the risk of fire spreading into the plantation. Task You have been hired by local government as an environmental consultant to monitor the extent of forestry operations on the island. Given the short time frame for this project, you will not be able to undertake fieldwork and will need to rely on satellite imagery for your analysis. Specifically, you are tasked with: Determining the current land surface area covered by savanna woodland, monsoon forest, mangroves, plantation forest, and surface water. Producing a classified map of the land cover classes listed above Assessing how NDVI has changed in each landcover type from 2000 to present. Quantifying how the area covered by plantation forest has changed since the year 2000. Providing an assessment of the status of the mangrove swamps on the island (are there signs of die-back as seen in Gulf of Carpentaria?) Available data MODIS, Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery are freely available over the study region. Each sensor has it own strengths and weaknesses, and you will need to decide which one, or which combination of multiple sensors, is most suitable for your study. The full archive of MODIS, Landsat and Sentinel-2 is accessible through Google Earth Engine, and we will cover classification and time-series analysis of these products in the intensive week. Report You are required to present your findings in the form of a scientific report. The first stage of this involves the development of a short proposal outlining the problem, your specific objectives/questions, and your planned approach (Assessment 2 - grading criteria provided in Learnline). You will then complete your analysis independently and compile a final scientific research report (Assessment 4 - grading criteria provided in Learnline). Running Head: Environmental Monitoring Challenge Proposal Environmental Monitoring Challenge Proposal 7 Assessment 2 Environmental Monitoring Challenge -Proposal Scientific Report Proposal Student Name: Kofi Adabor Unit:ENV 506 Environmental Monitoring and Modelling University: Charles Darwin University ID: S298999 Introduction Defining the Problem: The Environmental Monitoring involves addressing the problem of landscape change analysis, detecting the long-term changes to vegetation at Tiwi Islands since 2000 till date with help of Landsat Satellite Imaging Technique The assessment monitors the impact of plantation forestry operations on biodiversity and natural ecosystem of the islands. The forestry operations transform the natural tropical savanna forests into monoculture plantation which alters the habitat of many endangered indigenous animal species and vegetation composition of the ecosystem. The land managers also burn the adjacent blocks of land at frequent intervals to minimize the risk of spreading the fire in the plantation areas. Alterations in surface reflectance may also potentially cause changes in local climate, meanwhile also altering the natural fire regime in the native vegetative areas. The Tiwi islands are the home of several extinct and native mammal species that are found nowhere is North Territory. That’s why their monitoring and evaluation is necessary. There is observed a remarkable decline in the number of mammals in Northern Australia from 2000 to 2018 due to predation by feral animals, the absence of traditional practices of burning and grazing by large size cattle (Threatened Species Recovery Hub, 2018). Overview The remote sensing is a cost effective and time efficient way to monitor the land areas which are important for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem, evaluates the main indicators of ecological change (such as land covered, and disturbances) in protected areas of Tiwi Islands. The remote sensing and spatial techniques employ satellite imaging techniques to remotely sense the vegetation and land use and land cover change. Various operational programs in Australia are based on spatial information and remote sensing data extraction techniques. The techniques involve numerous datasets like Ecosystem indicators, Digital elevation Models, Climate data sets, Land cover data sets, Soil maps and Digital maps (Crabtree et al,2009). Sensing methods may detect measures of relevant vital signs like the occurrence and intensity of fire, change in the pattern of land use, conversion of habitat type and detection of intruder species (Cameron et al,2006). The Landsat products like Operational Land Imager and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus monitors the land covers at the historical and regional level. High spatial Resolution techniques like Quickbird are also used for detecting the land use and land cover areas. Landsat provides freely available data and is effective to measure the vegetation. Selection of appropriate temporal and spatial resolution provides effective change detection utilizing the binary comparison employed during the two different time periods. Remote sensing and spatial detection are extremely useful in vegetation measurements, moisture, chlorophyll content, Nitrogen and Lignin Content, and stress in vegetation. Change Detection Applications such as Uniform Change Detection, Land Use and Land Cover Change, Continuous Change Detection are adopted to measure the rate of forestry operations in the islands. Aims and Objectives The proposal investigates the satellite images to monitor the extent of forestry operations in the tiwi islands, identify the flora and terrestrial environment of the Tiwi islands since 2000 till now. The report presents a short proposal outlining the problem at the islands and offers a planned approach to solve the problem. Methodological Approach The report is based on a literature review of islands by Satellite Imagery Review detecting the land use and landscape changes. The report explores authentic peer reviewed research journals, ecological reports produced to monitor operational remote sensing programs. The search was done for these academic resources through online exploration of the database with help
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Answer To: Microsoft Word - ENV506_Project_Grading_Criteria_2018.doc ENV506 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND...

Anju Lata answered on Dec 02 2020
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Running head: Monitoring Challenge Report
ENV506 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MODELLING
Report
Monitoring Challenge
Student Name:
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Abstract
The paper assesses a detailed elaboration of the factors attributed to changes in the landscape in the Tiwi Islands identifying the relevance of remote sensors and spatial analysis in the mapping of vegetation. Mapping the land areas remotely utilizes diverse range of processes, considerations and techniques. The report monitors the land covers of tiwi Islands from 2000- 2010 time period, to identify the anthropogenic effect of the vast range of forestry activities on the island. The study identified a shortage of land cover maps for the islands thus chose the Landsat data as the most trustworthy and reliable source
s of images from the year 2000. The report evaluated the changes in the land covers with help of satellite imagery and literature review for the demographics of the Tiwi Islands. The main data sources for the study were Landsat Thematic Mapper for 2010 and Multispectral Scanner for the year 2000. Right amount of landscape image data was chosen for the year 2000. The study analyzed about 250 imagery extracts, performed the latitude- longitude intersection, and object based classification method to identify the land cover changes in the different types of vegetation in the area. The results found that during the 10 years time period most of the land change was observed in the areas of dense forests followed by the woodlands and at last the grasslands. The island had depicted an increase in the vegetative areas having grasslands which can be largely due to agricultural expansion. The research demonstrated the application of different data processing methods and image processing techniques, with help of procedures for image acquisition to observe the long term monitoring of the islands.
Keywords: Kiwi Island; Landsat; Land cover change; detection of change.
Introduction
The Environmental Monitoring Report analyzes the problem of Landscape Change Analysis and identifies the long term changes in the vegetation of Tiwi Islands by using Landsat Satellite Imaging Technique.
The study evaluates the influence of plantation forestry operations on the natural ecosystem and biodiversity of Tiwi Islands. These operations are said to transform the vegetative composition of natural tropical Savanna Forests into the monoculture plantation which changes the natural habitat of various indigenous and endangered species. The Forestry Managers recurrently burn the vegetative lands to lower down the risk of spreading the fire in the adjacent areas. Changes in the surface reflectance also change the local climate of the forest regions, manipulating the pattern of natural fire regime.
The Tiwi Islands being the home of various native and extinct animal species, which are not found elsewhere in the Northern Territory require effective monitoring, maintenance and care. The islands have depicted considerable decline in the number of animals since 2000 mainly due to grazing by large animals, loss of traditional burning practices and predation by the feral animals (Threatened Species Recovery Hub, 2018).
Need for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis
Remote Sensing, GIS Applications and Spatial Analysis have become a fundamental technology for investigating the earth for a wide range of applications such as environmental monitoring, cultural heritage, urban planning, water resource management, disaster management, geo hazards, and marine ecosystems. Different kinds of data collected from remote sensors are combined effectively to interpret the remote sensing data from the archaeological sites on earth. It increases the accuracy of detection and also enhances the retrieval and precision.
Multiple sources of Images have different features such as spectral, spatial, temporal and radioactive attributes so they are used in measuring different types of images and at different ranges of distance and resolution. For mapping the vegetative cover the vegetative classification is required to map the images. After that the methods of sensing evaluate the occurrence and fire intensity, conversion in the type of habitat, and identification of intruder species. The elements of Landsat Technology such as Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and Operational Land Imager evaluate the land covers at regional and historical level. The High resolution Spatial Techniques such as Quickbird identifies the land cover areas and the land use. The Spatial Analysis at appropriate resolution offers change detection after interpreting the binary comparison imposed during the two different time slots.
Identification of Required Scales
Special Distribution Models are immensely useful tools to identify the factors to detect the different types of species on Tiwi islands on large spatial scale. The model brings together the protected area ecosystem combining together satellite data, spatial linear models, GIS and an ecosystem stimulation model (CASA-NASA) and Ecosystem Monitoring and Analysis System (EMAS) (Threatened Species Recovery Hub, 2018). The EAMS is assessed in Tiwi Island recognizing the consequences and impact of long term changes in the flora and fauna of the islands due to Forestry operations. The Predictors such as severity of burn, temperature, soil productivity, precipitation, and solar radiation, affecting the climate and landscape controls, influence the type and level of vegetation, trees density, animals and Net Primary Productivity of the Islands. The study provides important information to the Forest Management Teams in decision making about the conservation programs, control programs, sign monitoring, restoration efforts and land use planning.
Overview
The technology of Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis is highly time efficient and cost effective to monitor the forest areas in Tiwi islands which need to be preserved, conserved, for their biodiversity and valuable ecosystem. The technology identifies and measures the important indicators of ecological change such as disturbances and land use, in the protected region of the islands. It uses satellite imaging technique to depict the land use, vegetation and the land cover change. It makes use of various data sets like digital elevation models, land cover, digital maps, soil texture maps, and climate data sets. The methods of sensing evaluate the occurrence and fire intensity, conversion in the type of habitat, and identification of intruder species. The elements of Landsat Technology such as Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and Operational Land Imager evaluate the land covers at regional and historical level (Phinn, 2015). The High resolution Spatial Techniques such as Quickbird identifies the land cover areas and the land use. The Spatial Analysis at appropriate resolution offers change detection after interpreting the binary comparison imposed during the two different time slots.
It is a challenge to maintain the appropriate balancing number of flora and fauna in the Ecosystem. The environmental Monitoring produces large amount of data through the land based, space led and air based sensors. The modeling and analysis of these large and combined data sets help to implement strategies for environmental conservation. After the assessment of required covariates, they can be manipulated using the Customized Online Aggregation and Summarization Tool Software. This software discovers and assesses the data. It facilitates the users to retrieve needed subsets of covariates from the database of Geospatial Archive based on Super computers and the servers. The input data is converted into protocols through specific software based tools. The extreme temperatures and the disturbances can be evaluated in form of species modeling and fine scale habitat selection models. The Habitat selection and SDM Models may be employed to recognize the essential covariates before the modeling and demographic analysis. The species are required to survive the risks of...
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