Microsoft Word - ENV506_Project_Grading_Criteria_2018.doc ENV506 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MODELLING Monitoring challenge (Report) – Grading Criteria Due: XXXXXXXXXXNov 2018, 11:59pm Contribution...

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Answer To: Microsoft Word - ENV506_Project_Grading_Criteria_2018.doc ENV506 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND...

Anju Lata answered on Dec 02 2020
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Running head: Monitoring Challenge Report
ENV506 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MODELLING
Report
Monitoring Challenge
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Abstract
The paper assesses a detailed elaboration of the factors attributed to changes in the landscape in the Tiwi Islands identifying the relevance of remote sensors and spatial analysis in the mapping of vegetation. Mapping the land areas remotely utilizes diverse range of processes, considerations and techniques. The report monitors the land covers of tiwi Islands from 2000- 2010 time period, to identify the anthropogenic effect of the vast range of forestry activities on the island. The study identified a shortage of land cover maps for the islands thus chose the Landsat data as the most trustworthy and reliable source
s of images from the year 2000. The report evaluated the changes in the land covers with help of satellite imagery and literature review for the demographics of the Tiwi Islands. The main data sources for the study were Landsat Thematic Mapper for 2010 and Multispectral Scanner for the year 2000. Right amount of landscape image data was chosen for the year 2000. The study analyzed about 250 imagery extracts, performed the latitude- longitude intersection, and object based classification method to identify the land cover changes in the different types of vegetation in the area. The results found that during the 10 years time period most of the land change was observed in the areas of dense forests followed by the woodlands and at last the grasslands. The island had depicted an increase in the vegetative areas having grasslands which can be largely due to agricultural expansion. The research demonstrated the application of different data processing methods and image processing techniques, with help of procedures for image acquisition to observe the long term monitoring of the islands.
Keywords: Kiwi Island; Landsat; Land cover change; detection of change.
Introduction
The Environmental Monitoring Report analyzes the problem of Landscape Change Analysis and identifies the long term changes in the vegetation of Tiwi Islands by using Landsat Satellite Imaging Technique.
The study evaluates the influence of plantation forestry operations on the natural ecosystem and biodiversity of Tiwi Islands. These operations are said to transform the vegetative composition of natural tropical Savanna Forests into the monoculture plantation which changes the natural habitat of various indigenous and endangered species. The Forestry Managers recurrently burn the vegetative lands to lower down the risk of spreading the fire in the adjacent areas. Changes in the surface reflectance also change the local climate of the forest regions, manipulating the pattern of natural fire regime.
The Tiwi Islands being the home of various native and extinct animal species, which are not found elsewhere in the Northern Territory require effective monitoring, maintenance and care. The islands have depicted considerable decline in the number of animals since 2000 mainly due to grazing by large animals, loss of traditional burning practices and predation by the feral animals (Threatened Species Recovery Hub, 2018).
Need for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis
Remote Sensing, GIS Applications and Spatial Analysis have become a fundamental technology for investigating the earth for a wide range of applications such as environmental monitoring, cultural heritage, urban planning, water resource management, disaster management, geo hazards, and marine ecosystems. Different kinds of data collected from remote sensors are combined effectively to interpret the remote sensing data from the archaeological sites on earth. It increases the accuracy of detection and also enhances the retrieval and precision.
Multiple sources of Images have different features such as spectral, spatial, temporal and radioactive attributes so they are used in measuring different types of images and at different ranges of distance and resolution. For mapping the vegetative cover the vegetative classification is required to map the images. After that the methods of sensing evaluate the occurrence and fire intensity, conversion in the type of habitat, and identification of intruder species. The elements of Landsat Technology such as Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and Operational Land Imager evaluate the land covers at regional and historical level. The High resolution Spatial Techniques such as Quickbird identifies the land cover areas and the land use. The Spatial Analysis at appropriate resolution offers change detection after interpreting the binary comparison imposed during the two different time slots.
Identification of Required Scales
Special Distribution Models are immensely useful tools to identify the factors to detect the different types of species on Tiwi islands on large spatial scale. The model brings together the protected area ecosystem combining together satellite data, spatial linear models, GIS and an ecosystem stimulation model (CASA-NASA) and Ecosystem Monitoring and Analysis System (EMAS) (Threatened Species Recovery Hub, 2018). The EAMS is assessed in Tiwi Island recognizing the consequences and impact of long term changes in the flora and fauna of the islands due to Forestry operations. The Predictors such as severity of burn, temperature, soil productivity, precipitation, and solar radiation, affecting the climate and landscape controls, influence the type and level of vegetation, trees density, animals and Net Primary Productivity of the Islands. The study provides important information to the Forest Management Teams in decision making about the conservation programs, control programs, sign monitoring, restoration efforts and land use planning.
Overview
The technology of Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis is highly time efficient and cost effective to monitor the forest areas in Tiwi islands which need to be preserved, conserved, for their biodiversity and valuable ecosystem. The technology identifies and measures the important indicators of ecological change such as disturbances and land use, in the protected region of the islands. It uses satellite imaging technique to depict the land use, vegetation and the land cover change. It makes use of various data sets like digital elevation models, land cover, digital maps, soil texture maps, and climate data sets. The methods of sensing evaluate the occurrence and fire intensity, conversion in the type of habitat, and identification of intruder species. The elements of Landsat Technology such as Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and Operational Land Imager evaluate the land covers at regional and historical level (Phinn, 2015). The High resolution Spatial Techniques such as Quickbird identifies the land cover areas and the land use. The Spatial Analysis at appropriate resolution offers change detection after interpreting the binary comparison imposed during the two different time slots.
It is a challenge to maintain the appropriate balancing number of flora and fauna in the Ecosystem. The environmental Monitoring produces large amount of data through the land based, space led and air based sensors. The modeling and analysis of these large and combined data sets help to implement strategies for environmental conservation. After the assessment of required covariates, they can be manipulated using the Customized Online Aggregation and Summarization Tool Software. This software discovers and assesses the data. It facilitates the users to retrieve needed subsets of covariates from the database of Geospatial Archive based on Super computers and the servers. The input data is converted into protocols through specific software based tools. The extreme temperatures and the disturbances can be evaluated in form of species modeling and fine scale habitat selection models. The Habitat selection and SDM Models may be employed to recognize the essential covariates before the modeling and demographic analysis. The species are required to survive the risks of...
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