The ethical guidelines for nonhuman subjects include items about animal care because, unlike most human participants, a. animals cannot understand the risks involved in a research study. b. animals...

The ethical guidelines for nonhuman subjects include items about animal care because, unlike most human participants,

a. animals cannot understand the risks involved in a research study.

b. animals cannot give informed consent.

c. animals cannot express a desire to withdraw from the research.

d. animals are usually housed in a laboratory setting before and after the research.