The energy equation for simultaneous conduction and radiation in a participating medium can be expressed by Here T is the temperature, g is the internal heat generation, n denotes the refractive index...

The energy equation for simultaneous conduction and radiation in a participating medium can be expressed by

Here T is the temperature, g is the internal heat generation, n denotes the refractive index of the medium, σ is the Stefan–Boltzman constant, and β is the Roseland mean extinction coefficient (see Ozisik [54]). Develop the finite element model of the equation ¨ and determine the tangent coefficient matrix for a planar (two-dimensional) domain.