The End of History? The End of History? Author(s): Francis Fukuyama Source: The National Interest , Summer 1989, No. 16 (Summer 1989), pp. 3-18 Published by: Center for the National Interest Stable...

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The End of History? The End of History? Author(s): Francis Fukuyama Source: The National Interest , Summer 1989, No. 16 (Summer 1989), pp. 3-18 Published by: Center for the National Interest Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/24027184 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The National Interest This content downloaded from �������������52.62.99.251 on Tue, 21 Jul 2020 01:32:48 UTC�������������� All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms http://www.jstor.com/stable/24027184 The End of History? -Francis Fukuyama. IN WATCHING the flow of events process that gives coherence and order to the over the past decade or so, it is daily headlines. The twentieth century saw hard to avoid the feeling that the developed world descend into a paroxysm something very fundamental has happened in of ideological violence, as liberalism contend world history. The past year has seen a flood ed first with the remnants of absolutism, then of articles commemorating the end of the Cold bolshevism and fascism, and finally an updat War, and the fact that "peace" seems to be ed Marxism that threatened to lead to the ul breaking out in many regions of the world. timate apocalypse of nuclear war. But the cen Most of these analyses lack any larger con- tury that began full of self-confidence in the ceptual framework for distinguishing be- ultimate triumph of Western liberal democ tween what is essential and what is contingent racy seems at its close to be returning full or accidental in world history, and are pre- circle to where it started: not to an "end of dictably superficial. If Mr. Gorbachev were ideology" or a convergence between capital ousted from the Kremlin or a new Ayatollah ism and socialism, as earlier predicted, but to proclaimed the millennium from a desolate an unabashed victory of economic and polit Middle Eastern capital, these same commen- ical liberalism. tators would scramble to announce the rebirth The triumph of the West, of the Western of a new era of conflict. idea, is evident first of all in the total exhaus And yet, all of these people sense dimly tion of viable systematic alternatives to West that there is some larger process at work, a ern liberalism. In the past decade, there have been unmistakable changes in the intellectual Francis Fukuyama is deputy director of the State climate of the world's two largest communist Department's policy planning staff and former countries, and the beginnings of significant analyst at the rand Corporation. This article reform movements in both. But this phenom is based on a lecture presented at the Univer- enon extends beyond high politics and it can sity of Chicago's John M. Olin Center for In- be seen also in the ineluctable spread of con quiry Into the Theory and Practice of De- sumerist Western culture in such diverse con mocracy. The author would like to pay special texts as the peasants' markets and color tele thanks to the Olin Center and to Nathan Tar- vision sets now omnipresent throughout cov and Allan Bloom for their support in this China, the cooperative restaurants and cloth and many earlier endeavors. The opinions ex- ing stores opened in the past year in Moscow, pressed in this article do not reflect those of the Beethoven piped into Japanese depart the rand Corporation or of any agency of the ment stores, and the rock music enjoyed alike U.S. government. in Prague, Rangoon, and Tehran. The National Interest—Summer 1989 3 This content downloaded from �������������52.62.99.251 on Tue, 21 Jul 2020 01:32:48 UTC�������������� All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. This is not to say that there will no longer be events to fill the pages of Foreign Affairs's yearly sum maries of international relations, for the vic tory of liberalism has occurred primarily in the realm of ideas or consciousness and is as yet incomplete in the real or material world. But there are powerful reasons for believing that it is the ideal that will govern the material world in the long run. To understand how this is so, we must first consider some theoretical issues concerning the nature of historical change. THE NOTION of the end of history is not an original one. Its best known propagator was Karl Marx, who be lieved that the direction of historical devel opment was a purposeful one determined by the interplay of material forces, and would come to an end only with the achievement of a communist Utopia that would finally resolve all prior contradictions. But the concept of history as a dialectical process with a begin ning, a middle, and an end was borrowed by Marx from his great German predecessor, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. For better or worse, much of Hegel's his toricism has become part of our contemporary intellectual baggage. The notion that mankind has progressed through a series of primitive stages of consciousness on his path to the pres ent, and that these stages corresponded to con crete forms of social organization, such as trib al, slave-owning, theocratic, and finally democratic-egalitarian societies, has become inseparable from the modern understanding of man. Hegel was the first philosopher to speak the language of modern social science, insofar as man for him was the product of his concrete historical and social environment The National Interest—Summer 1989 . and not, as earlier natural right theorists would have it, a collection of more or less fixed "natural" attributes. The mastery and trans formation of man's natural environment through the application of science and tech nology was originally not a Marxist concept, but a Hegelian one. Unlike later historicists whose historical relativism degenerated into relativism tout court, however, Hegel believed that history culminated in an absolute mo ment—a moment in which a final, rational form of society and state became victorious. It is Hegel's misfortune to be known now primarily as Marx's precursor, and it is our misfortune that few of us are familiar with Hegel's work from direct study, but only as it has been filtered through the distorting lens of Marxism. In France, however, there has been an effort to save Hegel from his Marxist interpreters and to resurrect him as the phi losopher who most correctly speaks to our time. Among those modern French inter preters of Hegel, the greatest was certainly Alexandre Kojève, a brilliant Russian emigre who taught a highly influential series of sem inars in Paris in the 1930s at the Ecole Practique des Hautes Etudes.1 While largely unknown in the United States, Kojève had a major impact on the intellectual life of the continent. Among his students ranged such future lu minaries as Jean-Paul Sartre on the Left and Raymond Aron on the Right; postwar exis tentialism borrowed many of its basic cate gories from Hegel via Kojève. Kojève sought to resurrect the Hegel of the Phenomenology of Mind, the Hegel who pro claimed history to be at an end in 1806. For as early as this Hegel saw in Napoleon's defeat of the Prussian monarchy at the Battle of Jena the victory of the ideals of the French Rev 'Kojève's best-known work is his Introduction à la lecture de Hegel (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1947), which is a transcript of the Ecole Practique lectures from the 1930s. This book is available in English entitled Introduction to the Reading of Hegel arranged by Raymond Queneau, edited by Allan Bloom, and translated by James Ni chols (New York: Basic Books, 1969). This content downloaded from �������������52.62.99.251 on Tue, 21 Jul 2020 01:32:48 UTC�������������� All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms olution, and the imminent universalization of the state incorporating the principles of lib erty and equality. Kojève, far from rejecting Hegel in light of the turbulent events of the next century and a half, insisted that the latter had been essentially correct.2 The Battle of Jena marked the end of history because it was at that point that the vanguard of humanity (a term quite familiar to Marxists) actualized the principles of the French Revolution. While there was considerable work to be done after 1806—abolishing slavery and the slave trade, extending the franchise to workers, women, blacks, and other racial minorities, etc.—the basic principles of the liberal democratic state could not be improved upon. The two world wars in this century and their attendant rev olutions and upheavals simply had the effect of extending those principles spatially, such that the various provinces of human civili zation were brought up to the level of its most advanced outposts, and of forcing those so cieties in Europe and North America at the vanguard of civilization to implement their liberalism more fully. The state that emerges at the end of his tory is liberal insofar as it recognizes and pro tects through a system of law man's universal right to freedom, and democratic insofar as it exists only with the consent of the governed. For Kojève, this so-called "universal homo genous state" found real-life embodiment in the countries of postwar Western Europe— precisely those flabby, prosperous, self-satis fied, inward-looking, weak-willed states whose grandest project was nothing more he roic than the creation of the Common Mar ket.' But this was only to be expected. For human history and the conflict that charac terized it was based on the existence
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Answer To: The End of History? The End of History? Author(s): Francis Fukuyama Source: The National Interest ,...

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BSBWHS201 Contribute to health and safety of self and others - Participant Assessment Booklet
BSBWHS201 Contribute to health and safety of self and others - Participant Assessment Booklet    
BSBWHS201 Contribute to health and safety of self and others
Participant – Assessment Booklet
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Finalise and report on investigations - Participant Assessment Booklet    
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Student Instructions:
Well done! Now that you have worked through course lessons and completed the self-assessment activities you should be ready to complete your formal assessment. Each unit of competency has a formal assessment relevant to the topic. For this unit, you will find:
1. A set of short-answer questions (compulsory for all students)
2. Case Study (compulsory for all students)
3. Safety Inspection (compulsory for all students)
4. Signage Interpretation (compulsory for all students)
5. Hazard report (compulsory for all students)
6. Injury report (compulsory for all students)
7. Workplace consultation (compulsory for all students)
Your assessment for this unit will comprise answering all short-answer questions scenarios and/or practical tasks and the case study.
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You will find that word counts are given in some sections of the assignments. Please note that this is a guide only and is not restrictive – your goal should be to demonstrate your knowledge and skills for your assessor.
Background
To gain recognition for this unit of competency you must demonstrate your ability to:
· Work safely
· Implement work safety requirements
· Participate in WHS consultative processes
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For students undertaking on the job learning, the assessment will be conducted in the workplace. You may be required to complete a combination of scenarios, case studies, role plays and answer a series of questions based on the unit of competency you are undertaking. your assessor will record all details about the tasks you perform. as your assessor observes you completing tasks they will ask you questions. the assessor will record your answers. safety is critical, and the assessor will stop the assessment if safe working protocols are breached. All tasks/behaviours must be performed correctly and will be marked ‘Competent or ‘Not Yet Competent’. HELP: If you have difficulty understanding the tasks please ask your assessor for help. Your assessor will give you appropriate help needed to complete the assessment.
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Assessment requirements
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Third-party observation is to be used by the assessor to assist them in determining competency. The assessment activities in this workbook assess aspects of all the elements, performance criteria, skills and knowledge and performance requirements of the unit of competency. This assessment allows you to demonstrate your skills and knowledge against this unit of competency. To demonstrate competence in this unit you must undertake all activities in this workbook and have them deemed satisfactory by the assessor. If you do not answer some questions or perform certain tasks, and therefore you are deemed to be Not Yet Competent, your trainer/assessor may ask you supplementary questions to determine your competence.
Once you have demonstrated the required level of performance, you will be deemed competent in this unit. Your assignments will be assessed to ensure that you display your ability to demonstrate current application of knowledge and skills as well as demonstrate all elements of competency and their performance criteria. As part of the assessment process, all learners must abide by any relevant assessment policies as provided during induction. If you feel you are not yet ready to be assessed or that this assessment is unfair, please contact your assessor to discuss your options. You have the right to formally appeal any outcome and, if you wish to do so, discuss this with your trainer/assessor.
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It is a condition of enrolment that you actively participate in your studies. Active participation is completing all the assessment tasks on time.
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The following list outlines some of the activities for which a learner can be accused of plagiarism:
· presenting any work by another individual as one's own unintentionally
· handing in assessments markedly similar to or copied from another learner
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· handing in assessments without the adequate acknowledgement of sources used, including assessments taken totally or in part from the internet.
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Collusion is the presentation by a learner of an assignment as their own that is, in fact, the result in whole or in part of unauthorised collaboration with another person or persons. Collusion involves the cooperation of two or more learners in plagiarism or other forms of academic misconduct and, as such, both parties are subject to disciplinary action. Collusion or copying from other learners is not permitted and will result in a “0” grade and NYC.
Assessments must be typed using document software such as (or similar to) MS Office. Handwritten assessments will not be accepted (unless, prior written confirmation is provided by the trainer/assessor to confirm).
Competency outcome
There are two outcomes of assessments: S = Satisfactory and NS = Not Satisfactory (requires more training and experience).
Once the learner has satisfactorily completed all the tasks for this module the learner will be awarded “Competent” (C) or “Not yet Competent” (NYC) for the relevant unit of competency.
If you are deemed “Not Yet Competent” you will be provided with feedback from your assessor and will be given another chance to resubmit your assessment task(s). If you are still deemed as “Not Yet Competent” you will be required to re-enrol in the unit of competency.
Additional evidence
If we, at our sole discretion, determine that we require additional or alternative information/evidence in order to determine competency, you must provide us with such information/evidence, subject to privacy and confidentiality issues. We retain this right at any time, including after submission of your assessments.
Confidentiality
We will treat anything, including information about your job, workplace, employer, with strict confidence, in accordance with the law. However, you are responsible for ensuring that you do not provide us with anything regarding any third party including your employer, colleagues and others, that they do not consent to the disclosure of. While we may ask you to provide information or details about aspects of your employer and workplace, you are responsible for obtaining necessary consents and ensuring that privacy rights and confidentiality obligations are not breached by you in supplying us with such information.
Recognised prior learning
Candidates will be able to have their previous experience or expertise recognised on request.
Special needs
Candidates with special needs should notify their trainer/assessor to request any required adjustments as soon as possible. This will enable the trainer/assessor to address the identified needs immediately.
What happens afterwards?
Complete the assessment sign off sheet with your assessor. All questions and tasks must be marked correct to be assessed as satisfactory. If the Assessor deems necessary, you may be asked clarifying questions and/or requested to perform an activity or component of an activity where the Assessor requires additional evidence of your competence. You will be offered an opportunity to discuss your performance prior to receiving feedback. You will be given the opportunity for feedback provided by the Assessor. You will be advised of any gap training and the re-sit process if required. When you have finished the assessment, the assessor will check your performance and answers and let you know if the outcome is “Competent” or “Not Yet Competent”.
Assessment appeals process
If you feel that you have been unfairly treated during your assessment, and you are not happy with your assessment and/or the outcome as a result of that treatment, you have the right to lodge an appeal. You must first discuss the issue with your trainer/assessor. If you would like to proceed further with the request after discussions with your trainer/assessor, you need to lodge your appeal to the course coordinator, in writing, outlining the reason(s) for the appeal.
Knowledge Assessment Item 1
    Student Instructions:
Answer the following questions in the area provided. The box will expand when typed in.
    Question 1: According to Work Health and Safety legislation in your jurisdiction, outline your understanding of the workplace health and safety responsibilities for the following people.
a. yourself and fellow workers
b. persons conducting businesses or undertakings (PCBUs)
c. officers
d. others in the workplace
    Enter answer yourself and fellow workers here
WHS Responsibilities: - All workers including you and your fellow workers are entitled to work at place where risk to their health and safety are controlled under the Work Health and Safety laws. Safe work Australia is a national policy (Work health safety act 2011) making body whose role is to develop national polices relating to WHS and workers.
You have the right to connect with employer on subject to related to your health and safety at work and inform your employer about health and safety issues or concerns and you have right to suitable and sufficient toilets, washing facilities and drinking water, adequate first-aid facilities.
You must take care of your own health and safety and that of people who may be affected by what you do (or do not do). In addition to this you must Co-operate with others on health and safety, and not interfere with, or misuse, anything provided for your health, safety or welfare. You have right to paid time off work for training if you are a safety representative and can stop working and leave the area if you think you are in danger.
    Enter answer PCBUs here
The WHS Act requires all PCBUs to ensure the health and safety of workers, include volunteers, contractors and contractors’ workers. PCBUs is responsible to care to any other people who may be put at risk from work carried out by the business or undertaking. In addition to this, a self-employed person must ensure his or her own health and safety while at work.
PCBUs are responsible to providing and maintaining a work environment that is safe and without risks to health, including the entering and exiting of the work place and maintaining plant, structure and systems of work that are safe and do not pose health risks (e.g. providing effective guards on machines and regulating the pace and frequency of work). PCBUs ensur the safe uses, handling, storage and transport, structure and substances like toxic chemicals, dusts etc. and to providing adequate facilities for the welfare of workers at workplaces under their management and control (e.g. washrooms, lockers and dining areas).
    Enter answer officers here
According to WHS Act 2011 section 74- As per Australian WHS law, provide or identify a person on work place to clearly identified how and whom a work safety issue should be reported. This representative or officer is responsible to check and monitor work safety issue and It is the duty of an officer of a PCBU to exercise due diligence to ensure the PCBU complies with its health and safety duties and obligations. An officer may be charged with an offence under the WHS Act independently of any breach of duty by the PCBU. An officer is responsible to acquire and keep current information on work health and safety matters and understand the nature and operations of the business or undertaking and associated hazards and risks.
He needs to ensure the PCBU has implements,...
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