The elements of the matrix in Table 14.11 result from averaging the ratings of 18 students on the degree of similarity between 12 nations on a scale ranging from 1, indicating “very different”, to 9...

The elements of the matrix in Table 14.11 result from averaging the ratings of 18 students on the degree of similarity between 12 nations on a scale ranging from 1, indicating “very different”, to 9 for “very similar”. No instructions were given concerning the characteristics on which these similarity judgments were to be made. (Further details of the study are given in Kruskal and Wish, 1978.) Apply both classical scaling and nonmetric scaling to the similarity judgments and compare the results with the help of appropriate plots to represent each solution. Which technique is likely to be most appropriate to use on these data and why?