The assignment is on the file I sent. The lecturer made mention of we adding energy regulations in this assignment and he said at the third stage of the assignment of third part we should pick a...

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Running Header: Future Developments in the Renewable Energy Technologies Sector
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Future Developments in the Renewable Energy Technologies Sector
Future Developments in the Renewable Energy Technologies Sector
Table of Contents
1.    Introduction    3
2.    Renewable Energy Technologies & Energy Market: Overview & Trends    5
3.    Electric Vehicles & Renewable Energy    10
4.    Marketing Modelling    14
5.    Conclusion    17
References    20
Introduction
The directive under focus, Renewable Energy Directive 2009 / 28 / EC represents the directive established by European Union that mandates the levels concerning renewable energy usage across the European Union (Dalla Longa and Raimundo 2018; Prisecaru and Calanter 2017; Purkus et al. 2019; Faure-Schuyer et al. 2017). This directive has been passed on 23rd April 2009 which essentially amended and repealed 2001 Directive for Electricity Production by way of Renewable Energy Sources 2001 / 77 / EC. This directive essentially requires 20 per cent of energy that is consumed within European Union needs to be renewable (Dalla Longa and Raimundo 2018; Prisecaru and Calanter 2017; Purkus et al. 2019; Faure-Schuyer et al. 2017). The said target was to be pooled amongst all member states in European Union. The leaders of European Union have already attained agreement during March 2007 in that at a principle level, 20 per cent of final consumption of energy concerning the bloc need to be produced by way of sources concerning renewable energy before 2020 forming part of the drive for cutting the emissions of carbon dioxide. The said policy later on formed part of European Union 2020 strategy for energy consumption that was dated 10th of November 2010. In this context, the key set of objectives concerning this strategy was to undertake the reduction of emissions concerning carbon dioxide by way of 20 per cent, increasing the overall share concerning renewable energy to the extent of 20 per cent, as well as in achieving energy savings by 20 per cent or else more (Dalla Longa and Raimundo 2018; Prisecaru and Calanter 2017; Purkus et al. 2019; Faure-Schuyer et al. 2017). The targets are mutually dependent. The members states have been obliged for notifying European Commission before 30th of June 2010 concerning the action plan for National Renewable Energy that essentially sets out road map with respect to this trajectory (Dalla Longa and Raimundo 2018; Prisecaru and Calanter 2017; Purkus et al. 2019; Faure-Schuyer et al. 2017). These member states in addition shall be required in submitting the progress reports which shall explain the respective implementation status of this directive as well as the progress with respect to the targets, in the manner required under article 22 concerning this directive. The reports and updates in this context as published by European Commission illustrates that the member nations are in track for meeting aggregate 20 per cent objective (Dalla Longa and Raimundo 2018; Prisecaru and Calanter 2017; Purkus et al. 2019; Faure-Schuyer et al. 2017).
The overall usage concerning the renewable energy continued in increasing, and based on the last report the same stands at 16.7 per cent of the gross level final energy consumption as well as getting much closer towards 20 per cent target set for the year 2020 (Dalla Longa and Raimundo 2018; Prisecaru and Calanter 2017; Purkus et al. 2019; Faure-Schuyer et al. 2017). Based on the progression of the action plan, the variance analysis between planned and actual progress, and other various factors, it has been noted that 2020 target shall be attained in case the member nations sustain their pace in which they deploy the renewables in the course of time. With the year 2020 being nearby, however, trajectories to meet national level targets seem to become steeper, whilst the market barriers continue to persist across the various member nations (Dalla Longa and Raimundo 2018; Prisecaru and Calanter 2017; Purkus et al. 2019; Faure-Schuyer et al. 2017). In the course of past decade, overall trends in primary energy consumptions relating to European Union have been decreasing in pace which in case sustains till 2020 shall be sufficient for meeting the 20 per cent primary energy level target. The recent level increases with respect to primary energy consumptions, however, along with the update concerning national level indicative target across certain member nations, make attainment of this 2020 target to be uncertain (Dalla Longa and Raimundo 2018; Prisecaru and Calanter 2017; Purkus et al. 2019; Faure-Schuyer et al. 2017).
Renewable Energy Technologies & Energy Market: Overview & Trends
Energy systems across the globe can be noted in going through swift transitions which shall eventually bring in critical changes over the ways one shall fuel the cars, cool / heat one’s homes, as well as power the industries (Adib et al. 2015; Al-Maamary et al. 2017; Lauber and Jacobsson 2016; Petrescu et al. 2016). The said trends hold widespread and critical implications with respect to individuals, governments, and businesses over coming decades. With costs for renewables over years coming down further, various nations shall reach the tipping point over subsequent years, wherein the new build facility for solar / wind capacity shall be cost-competitive as compared to fuel costs applicable to the existing conventional plants. On account of the same, one could note additional acceleration with respect to the ramping up of the renewables (Adib et al. 2015; Al-Maamary et al. 2017; Lauber and Jacobsson 2016; Petrescu et al. 2016). In the similar manner, with costs pertaining to batteries continuing their decline over the subsequent 5 to 10 years, numerous nations shall attain a point over which the usage of electric vehicles shall increase as it will become highly economic as compared to conventional vehicle engines which use the internal combustion technology. The same shall be true with respect to passenger cars and in addition with respect to most of the truck segments. Various studies in this context, project peak level carbon emissions globally, irrespective of the continued growth in economy as well as growing population globally (Adib et al. 2015; Al-Maamary et al. 2017; Lauber and Jacobsson 2016; Petrescu et al. 2016). Triggered on account of the drop with respect to coal demand in the global context as well as the flattening of the oil demands, carbon emissions shall be expected in starting to decline from mid of 2020s.
Some of the key trends in this context include the following – [1] global level demand shall plateau for primary energy post 2035 irrespective of stronger population expansion as well as economic growth (Adib et al. 2015; Al-Maamary et al. 2017; Lauber and Jacobsson 2016; Petrescu et al. 2016), [2] The consumption of electricity essentially doubles till the year 2050, whilst renewables shall be projected for making up more than 50 per cent in generation before 2035 (Adib et al. 2015; Al-Maamary et al. 2017; Lauber and Jacobsson 2016; Petrescu et al. 2016), [3] Gas shall continue in growing its share as part of the global level energy demand, which shall be the sole fossil fuel for doing so, as well as later on the same shall plateaus post 2035 (Adib et al. 2015; Al-Maamary et al. 2017; Lauber and Jacobsson 2016; Petrescu et al. 2016), [4] The demand growth in oil shall slow down to a substantial extent, with the projected peak to be attained in early part of 2030s, and [5] carbon emissions has been projected for declining on account of decreasing levels of coal demand, and yet the 2 degree pathways shall stay much far away (Adib et al. 2015; Al-Maamary et al. 2017; Lauber and Jacobsson 2016; Petrescu et al. 2016).
Each of these trends are discussed as follows –
global level demand shall plateau for primary energy post 2035 irrespective of stronger population expansion as well as economic growth: Post over a century involving rapid levels of growth, the energy demand in the global context shall illustrate slowing of growth as well as its plateauing by 2030, and the same is expected to be primarily driven on account of the penetration by the sources of renewable energy within overall energy mix (Mathiesen et al. 2015; Abdmouleh et al. 2015; Wüstenhagen and Boehnke 2017; Petrescu et al. 2016). Further additionally, the decline with respect to energy intensity concerning economies all across geographies essentially offsets overall increases in the energy demand that is required for supporting the growing population by way of increasing levels of income, specifically across the emerging markets. In comparison to other various energy outlooks over the longer-term contexts, slower growth in energy demand is expected, specifically as one anticipates larger roles with respect to renewable resources with respect to energy systems before mid-century (Mathiesen et al. 2015; Abdmouleh et al. 2015; Wüstenhagen and Boehnke 2017; Petrescu et al. 2016).
The consumption of electricity essentially doubles till the year 2050, whilst renewables shall be projected for making up more than 50 per cent in generation before 2035: The overall electrification over the key set of end uses will result in the doubling of demand for electricity by the year 2050 (Mathiesen et al. 2015; Abdmouleh et al. 2015; Wüstenhagen and Boehnke 2017; Petrescu et al. 2016). The same is stated to be specifically driven on account of increased levels of demand with respect to buildings as well as the shift towards electricity in the form of energy source with respect to road transportation. In essence, solar as well as wind are to an rapid extent gaining share with respect to capacity mix as well as already accounted with respect to over half of the net level capacity additions over past many years. Renewable generation has been projected for accounting for over 50 per cent of the overall power generation after 2035. The same marks clear form of trend break by way of historical fossil fuel reliant generation (Mathiesen et al. 2015; Abdmouleh et al. 2015; Wüstenhagen and Boehnke 2017; Petrescu et al. 2016). As role concerning the intermittent levels of resources with respect to overall generation increases, the power systems shall note stronger levels of growth within balancing needs, specifically while the wind as well as solar generation in a combined manner reach the share beyond the levels of 30 per cent (Mathiesen et al. 2015; Abdmouleh et al. 2015; Wüstenhagen and Boehnke...