The assignment is on the book ‘THE URBAN SOCIOLOGY READER’ the second edition by Jan lin and Christopher mele.Please I pick questions 1,4,5, and 6. 2 pages each for each question.

2
SOCIOLOGY
Table of Contents
Question 1    3
Question 4    5
Question 5    7
Question 6    9
Reference    11
Question 1
Five changes take place at the organizational level
As per Tonnies's gemeinschaft (community) and (Gesellschaft), multiple changes have been observed at the organizational level. In the earlier stage, society was developed in an organized way within families, towns, and villages. These societies are highly focused on the agricultural economy and political culture. However, over the period of time, the nature of these societies has been complicated. Trade business has come into the picture with a complex industrial presence. Such a complicated transformation has been compared from youth to adulthood by Tonnies. More precisely, Tonnies stated that "The shift was a normal developmental process of the body, comparable to the transition from youth to adulthood" (p.16).
The presence of law and order has brought changes in the Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Earlier, people used to work in an organization by following a basic order and rules. However, it has changed dramatically, and now rules need to be developed by integrating laws, legislations, and provisions. Moreover, political parties need to be involved in the company's policy before publishing it for the employees of the firm. As per Tonnies, "This system of norms is in direct contrast to a similar positive law which upholds the separate identity of the individual rational wills in all their interrelations and entanglements" (p.17). The statement signifies that organizations will have a separate entity, which will prevent the owner legally from any sort of allegation to the company. For example, if an employee issues an allegation to a company, then the allegation will be registered to the company because the company has its own entity.
Initially, organizations had a top-level management team that used to take the final call; the concept has been changed now. Instruments such as public opinion are taken into consideration before making any hard decision. This approach helps organizations to make crucial decisions, such as designing products or strategies for promotional activities more effectively.
From the employee's perspective, the policy design process has been changed due to the inception of the concept of labor Union. The concept of a Labor Union takes up the issues by the employer against employees and takes actions to get a resolution against it. As per Tonnies, "Their union on a national scale, which alone could make them dominant as a group, is dependent on economic conditions" (p. 18). The statement clearly mentions that employee unions work as safeguards for the employees. Such unions were not presented in the initial days at an organizational level. However, it has come into the picture in recent times.
Organizations nowadays have been more focused on giving priority to the employees and the community. Community life can be distinguished by house, village, and town. Companies started doing activities under "Corporate Social Responsibility" in order to ensure a better life for the minor community. Initially, such social activities were never performed by companies, but it has changed over the period.
Question 4
a. Describe the work of Park and Burgess
Work of Park
Park has published a journal titled "Human Ecology," where he applied Charles Darwin's two sociological concepts, "Web of life" and "Struggle for existence ."Park has applied the concept of the "Web of Life," where he has mentioned the interrelation between living organisms, plants, and animals. In other words, each of these lives is dependent on one another.
In addition to this, Park has also explained the concepts of dominance, success, and natural areas. The concept of urban inequality and free-market competition is also being evaluated by Park. According to Park,...