Task 1:Over recent years your company has been making substantial investments in automated machine tools, but the inspection techniques have remained virtually unchanged. Most operators use go/no-go...

Advanced measurement systems and data analysis
Advanced measurement systems and data analysis
Student Name
University
Table of Contents
Introduction:    4
Aim:    4
Body:    4
Measuring error and uncertainty:    4
Operating principal of advanced sensors    6
Co-ordinate measuring machine:    8
Range and capability of Advance measuring instrument    11
Task: 2 Least Square Algorithm    13
References    17
Introduction:
The project report is study about the “advance measurement system and data analysis” of mechanical system. The measuring device is essential elements for all types of engineering service include civil, mechanical, electrical and electronic. The measuring instrument is requiring measuring all types of parameter and ensuring that the specific products are manufacture as per drawing. The managing director gives task to provides detail analysis, important, specification and limits of advance measuring instrument uses for measuring different parameter and ensure quality of product. additionally, the article discuss about the experimental study of uncertainty of circle co-ordinate system and potential method to reduce uncertainty.
Aim:
To research and study about the advance measuring technique and data analysis.
Body:
Measuring error and uncertainty:
The measuring error is defined as the difference between the measuring value and actual value. There are mainly two types of error occurs while measuring machine component i.e. systematic error and random error.
a. Instrumental Errors
The instrumental error occurs due to incorrect construction of measuring instrument. The error occurs due to friction or hysteresis. The error occurs due to misuse and ineffective use of measuring instrument Harris P M. et.al.(2007).
b. Environment error :
The error occurs due to surrounding and external condition of the instrument. The external conditions include pressure, humidity, temperature effect and magnetic field. In order to reduce environment error, it is require to keep maintain humidity and constant room temperature when measuring machine component. Also, ensure that there is no external electrostatic and magnetic field around the measuring component.
c. Theoretical error :
The error occurs due to generalization of the model system. for example, as per theoretical calculation, the temperature of surrounding kept constant but it will not constant when measure practically, the error occurs.
d. Random Errors :
The Random errors occur due to sudden change in the experiment situation, for example noise occurs, human error, tiredness during experiment. These errors are either positive or negative. The Random error occurs due to change in humidity, unexpected change in climate etc. In order to overcome that error, it is require to collect or takes large number of readings.
Figure: Random error
Uncertainty:
When measuring instrument uses to measure machine component parameter, the calibration is essential, without calibration measurement uncertainty. The measurement of uncertainty is value obtain to assess the doubt exist for specific measuring instrument Bell S A. (2001). Also, there is no measurement is exact, that means there are always error exist with every measurement. Additionally, it is require computing the uncertainty in order to find the degree, effect and quantity of error which usually exist in measuring parameter. When obtain uncertainty, it is require to identifying all key sources of error which are influence to the measuring system. This is way of instruments, environment, and procedure and so on. It is require to evaluate and quantifying the magnitude of each error and obtain effective value.
Operating principal of advanced sensors
LVDT (Linear variable Differential Transformer)
The instrument is normal type of transducer which mainly uses to convert the rectangular movement of object to the equivalent electric signal. The instrument is uses to calculate the displacement and work on the transformer principle.
LVDT construction:
The instrument contains the cylindrical former which surround by one winding in the hub of the former and two key LVDT winding over the surface. The twists of the winding are equivalent in both condition, but it is they are reverse to each other i.e. clockwise and counter-clockwise direction Higham N J. (2016).
Figure: LVDT winding
Therefore, the output voltage may vary by considering voltage among the two minor coils. The coils are mentioned by S1 and S2. In this case, the Esteem iron core is placed in the middle segment of the cylindrical former. In this case, the excitation voltage of alternative current is around 5 to 12 V and operating frequency is around 50 to 400 Hz.
Working principle of LVDT:
The equipment working theory is mutual induction. In this case, the dislocation is the nonelectrical energy which changed into the electrical energy.
Figure: LVDT working principle
Working:
a. When the core of the LVDT is at the null location, the minor winding flux will equal, that means the induced e.m.f is similar in the windings. At the same...