Can you answer #4?
Extracted text: TABLE 2 I Comparisons Among Youth for Tobacco use Behaviors, Attitudes, and Self-efficacy GROUP 1, NEGATIVE AFFECT REPORTED GROUP 2, NEGATIVE AFFECT NOT REPORTED Variable Pre-mean (SD) Post-mean (SD) Pre-mean (SD) Post-mean (SD) TOBACCO USE BEHAVIORS No. smoked daily No. days smoked in past 30 No. days intend to smoke in next 30 Age of intended quit ATTITUDES Over all attitude score Smoking is very enjoyable Smoking makes me look older Helps me make and keep friends Smoking helps me be accepted Smoking is relaxing Like to think of myself as a smoker 11.01 (9.04) 22.15 (11.59) 20.95 (12.30) 26.38 (19.84) 11.06 (9.08) 22.43 (11.57) 20.37 (13.09) 24.31 (14.67) 11.83 (9.75) 22.36 (12.01) 20.28 (13.22) 23.24 (13.89) 11.39 (9.58) 22.39 (12.88) 17.96 (13.40) 20.54 (9.11) 0.476 0.726 0.005 0.006* 2.74 (0.517) 2.15 (0.845) 3.14 (0.755) 3.42 (0.618) 3.36 (0.682) 1.92 (0.821) 2.51 (0.897) 2.71 (0.580) 2.27 (0.953) 2.97 (0.846) 3.28 (0.772) 3.22 (0.799) 1.98 (0.942) 2.56 (0.978) 2.74 (0.517) 2.16 (0.910) 3.15 (0.684) 3.44 (0.607) 3.40 (0.662) 1.83 (0.858) 2.55 (0.882) 2.69 (0.577) 2.18 (0.981) 2.99 (0.867) 3.33 (0.773) 3.29 (0.845) 1.81 (0.892) 2.56 (0.978) 0.10 0.08 0,001 0.001 0.002 0.62 0.44 SELF-EFFICACY Overall efficacy score I believe I can quit smoking if I try Quiting smoking would be easy I have the skills necessary to quit I can quit using anytime I want I can resist peer pressure to use FTND SCORE 2.44 (0.855) 2.11 (1.02) 3.27 (1.27) 2.20 (0.982) 2.65 (1.16) 2.01 (1.08) 3.18 (2.46) 2.46 (0.866) 2.05 (1.06) 3.38 (1.25) 2.04 (0.940) 2.77 (1.23) 2.06 (1.04) 2.58 (0.810) 2.25 (1.02) 3.54 (1.25) 2.30 (0.942) 2.88 (1.26) 1.94 (1.03) 3.53 (2.66) 2.45 (0.810) 2.03 (0.999) 3.40 (1.32) 2.16 (0.953) 2.72 (1.23) 1.93 (1.01) 0.05" 0.003" 0.73 0.001 0.68 0.67 0.08 *Statistical significance at least at ps0.05 level Stevens, S. L., Colwell, B., Smith, D. W., Robinson, J., & McMillan, C. (2005). An exploration of self-reported negative affect by adolescents as a reason for smoking: Implications for tobacco prevention and intervention programs. Reprinted from Preventive Medicine, 41(2), p. 593, with permission of Elsevier. Study Questions 1. On average, did the participants in Group 1 or Group 2 report more cigarettes smoked daily? Provide a rational for your answer. 2. According to Table 2, which of the following statements about the differences between Group 1 and Group 2 on the attitude "Smoking is very enjoyable" is true? Provide a rational for your answer. a. Sampling error probably did not create the difference between the means. b. Sampling errors probably did create the difference between the means. 3. What type of ANOVA was conducted to examine the main effect pre- to post-program on number of days intended to smoke in the next 30 (F1.49) = 7.98, p = (0.005)? What is the focus of this type of ANOVA? Page 2 of 3 Should the null hypothesis be rejected for "I believe I can quit smoking if I try"? Provide a rational for your answer. 4. 5. What were the results (means, SDs, and p value) for the age intended to quit smoking? Provide your interpretation of what these results mean. 6. In Table 2, how many of the comparisons between Groups 1 and 2 were not statistically significant? Provide a rational for your answer. 7. Was the difference between Group 1 and Group 2 on overall efficacy scores statistically significant? At what level of alpha could one reject the null hypothesis for this result? 8. Which of the seven attitudes was (were) statistically significant at the strongest level? Provide a rational for your answer. 9. The result for "Smoking makes me look older" was F1,517) = 17.02, p<0.001. using this result, identify how many groups were examined in this analysis and the number of participants. provide a rational for your answer. source: stevens, s. l., colwell, b., smith, d. w., robinson, j., & mcmillan, c. (2005). an exploration of self- reported negative affect by adolescents as a reason for smoking: implications for tobacco prevention and intervention programs. preventive medicine, 41(2), 589-96. using="" this="" result,="" identify="" how="" many="" groups="" were="" examined="" in="" this="" analysis="" and="" the="" number="" of="" participants.="" provide="" a="" rational="" for="" your="" answer.="" source:="" stevens,="" s.="" l.,="" colwell,="" b.,="" smith,="" d.="" w.,="" robinson,="" j.,="" &="" mcmillan,="" c.="" (2005).="" an="" exploration="" of="" self-="" reported="" negative="" affect="" by="" adolescents="" as="" a="" reason="" for="" smoking:="" implications="" for="" tobacco="" prevention="" and="" intervention="" programs.="" preventive="" medicine,="" 41(2),="">