Suppose a study was conducted to examine the relationship between how often people exercise and how happy they are with their lives. Participants in this study were asked to report how many times a...

Suppose a study was conducted to examine the relationship between how often people exercise and how happy they are with their lives. Participants in this study were asked to report how many times a week they exercise for 30 min or more at a time and to complete a questionnaire with items that measure their quality of life (e.g., How many times in the past week do you remember feeling happy?). A positive relationship is found between the number of times per week people exercise and their quality of life score. Answer the questions below about this study.

1. What are the dependent variables in this study?

2. Describe the three different types of causal relationships that could exist between the dependent variables you described in (a).

3. Explain why this study does not provide evidence for any of the causal relationships you described in (b).