Step
One:Think about U.S. Historyfrom the late-1900s (1950-2000).
1)What were some of the main events of the latter part of the 1900s? Who were some of the main historical figures?
2)How did these changes impact the nation and its future?
Step Two:
Briefly discuss what you think was most important during this era (person, place, event, etc.). Please explain why.
Use the Powerpoint provided
Requirements:
1) 1/2 to 1-page
2) Written in proper format (Times New Roman, 12pt font, etc.)
3) The topic discussed is related to U.S. History during the latter part of the 1900s (1950-2000)
Cold War p841 The Cold War Post-WWII America The Communist Menace First appearing in the New York Daily News on January 6, 1946, this map reflected Americans’ rising anxiety after World War II that the Soviet Union was an aggressively expansionist power, relentlessly gobbling up territory and imposing its will across both Europe and Asia. 1 America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Truman Years 1945-1952 “Fair Deal” Stop communism Bettmann/Corbis 33rd President of the United States: From Missouri Banker Swore a lot WWI vet Involved in Civil Rights Cold War Korean War 2 p842 Truman Years: United Nations (UN) Several nations to promote prosperity and peace, every nation can veto Great Hopes for World Peace with the United Nations, 1947 The achievements of the new international regime were dramatic. International trade doubled in the 1950s and again in the 1960s. By century’s end, the volume of global commerce was ten times larger than in 1950 (see Table 36.1). Increased trade fueled postwar recovery in Europe and Japan and set several underdeveloped countries—notably Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, India, and China—on the path to modernization and prosperity. UN What: An organization of several nations Promote peace and prosperity 1st members = Allies of WWII Each member can veto any topic Veto = problems 3 America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Truman Years: Containment George Keenan’s Foreign Affairs = fear of “domino effect,” but communism can be “contained” Stop the spread of the “Iron Curtain” Herman Landshoff What: Prevent communism from expanding Foreign Affairs George Keenen = diplomat to USSR Fear of “Domino Theory” coming true 4 Truman Years: Truman Doctrine $400 million to Greece and Turkey to “contain” communism (effective) Greek radicals USSR port in Turkey Where To? 1947 As this satirical view of the Truman Doctrine shows, not all Americans were sure where the country’s new foreign policy was taking them. What: Aid to Greece and Turkey $400 million Prevent “radicals” from taking over Containment 5 America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Truman Years: Marshall Plan European Recovery Program = billions in aid , anyone can ask for aid Aid = tension w/ USSR Library of Congress What: European Recovery Program $13 billion Aid to anyone who wants it USSR against it 6 Map 36-3 p848 Map 36.3 United States Foreign Aid, Military and Economic, 1945– 1954 Marshall Plan aid swelled the outlay for Europe. Note the emphasis on the “developed” world, with relatively little aid going to “developing.” 7 p849 American Motor of the Latest Type In this Russian cartoon, the conquering Truman uses U.S. moneybags to induce dollar-hungry European nations to draw the American capitalistic chariot. 8 America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company What: Divided after WWII Allies occupied West Germany & Berlin USSR occupied East Germany & Berlin Problem: USSR disliked Marshall Plan & W. Germany Stopped traffic and cut electricity Hoped to discourage allies and unification U.S. airlifted 13,000 tons to Berlin 9 p848 Aid to West Berlin The Marshall Plan Turns Enemies into Friends The poster in this 1950 photograph in Berlin reads, “Berlin Rebuilt with Help from the Marshall Plan.” 10 p846 Truman Years: Berlin Airlift (1948) USSR stopped trade/electricity to West Berlin US drop 10,000+ tons of aid Berlin, 1948 Grateful city residents watch a U.S. airplane fly in much-needed supplies. 11 Map 36-2 p845 Map 36.2 Postwar Partition of Germany Germany lost much of its territory in the east to Poland and the Soviet Union. T he military occupation zones were the bases for the formation of two separate countries in 1949, when the British, French, and American zones became West Germany, and the Soviet zone became East Germany. (The two Germanys were reunited in 1990.) Berlin remained under joint four-power occupation from 1945 to 1990 and became a focus and symbol of Cold War tensions. 12 Truman Years: “Losing China” (1949) Post WWII= communists take mainland China and nationalists flee to Taiwan (“Two Chinas”) Truman’s “fault” Map 37.2 East and Southeast Asia, 1955–1956 What: Internal war Chiang Kai-shek & Nationalists Mao Zedong & Communists Communists popular with “peasantry” Result: Nationalists fled to Taiwan Truman administration was blamed U.S. & China = no talks for 30 years USSR & China become closer 13 p851 Truman Years: Beginning of Arms Race (1949) Soviets test atomic bomb = U.S. “weapon monopoly” was over, the nation needed to make new weapons Hydrogen Bomb The Hydrogen Bomb, 1954 This test blast at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands was so powerful that one Japanese fisherman was killed and all twenty-two of his crewmates were seriously injured by radioactive ash that fell on their vessel some eighty miles away. Fishing boats a thousand miles from Bikini later brought in radioactively contaminated catches. The Arms Race What: Soviets successfully test A-bomb (1949) U.S. “monopoly” is over Hydrogen bomb tested by U.S. (1950) Beginning of “Arms Race” 14 America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Truman Years: National Security Council (NSC) Help gov’t cooperate with military, rebuild military and nuclear war options Peace time buildups 15 Bettmann/Corbis Duck and Cover! Fear of Nuclear Destruction What: To help coordinate plans (military & gov’t) Created after Soviet A-bomb tested NSC-68: Rebuild military Options for nuclear war Legacy: U.S. = more involved in global affairs Military buildups during peacetime p865 Korean War Truman Years: Korean War (1950-1953) North Korea invaded South Korea with USSR and China’s aid, U.S. and UN tried to stop invasion Korean War Scene A grief-stricken American soldier whose buddy has been killed is being comforted, while a medical corpsman fills out casualty tags. 16 Beginning: North Koreans take most of south Stalemate: Neither side was able to gain much land, near 50th parallel 2nd Turning Point: UN/US forces reach Chinese border, Chinese enter war “End:” Eisenhower elected and able to obtain ceasefire 1st Turning Point: UN/U.S. forces force North Koreans to retreat at Inchon Map 36-4 p856 Map 36.4 The Shifting Front in Korea 17 p864 Eisenhower Years 1952-1960 The Republicans’ Choice, 1952 Nominee Eisenhower and his vice-presidential running mate, Nixon, greet the delegates. 18 Eisenhower Years: Domestic Policies America seemed to prosper and develop under Ike Aerial View of the On-ramps to a Typical New Interstate Highway, 1950s Taxes (1954-1956): Reduced Benefited the wealthy/corporations the most Social Security: Amended Included who excluded before White-collar professionals Domestic/clerical workers Farm workers Veterans Federal Highway Act (1956) D.C. paid 90% of cost Defense, commerce, & convenience Help evacuate cities Legacy: Harmed railroad industry Car industry grew 19 Small taxes (wealthy) Social Security increased Federal Highway Act GI Bill of Rights America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company American Suburbs (1950s) 20 Hulton Archives/Getty Images Eisenhower Years: Dynamic Conservatism and Fears Dynamic Conservatism: Conservative w/ money Liberal w/ people No more New Deal Worked w/ wealthy (e.g. car industry) Fears: Creeping socialism Big gov’t Budget deficits Price and wage control Ignored many issues, majority “liked Ike” for assumed prosperity Eisenhower Years: Domestic Policies (Problems) The Helicopter Era, 1957 President Eisenhower was routinely criticized by liberals, as in this Herblock cartoon in the Washington Post, for his apparent indifference to many seething social problems of the day. His failure to employ his vast prestige on behalf of civil rights was especially conspicuous. 34th President of the United States: From MO Veteran (“D-Day”) Ended the Korean War Highways “#1 Boy Scout” Passive in public, vocal in private 21 Eisenhower Years: Brown v. Board of Education (1957) Federal gov’t integrated schools, “Little Rock Nine” protected by troops Integration in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 Fifteen year- old Elizabeth Eckford endured scathing insults from white students and parents as she attempted to enter Little Rock’s Central High School. The showdown at Little Rock was a replay of nineteenth century confrontations over “states’ rights,” and forced a reluctant Eisenhower administration to assert the supremacy of federal power. Little Rock Nine (1957) What: African-American students Integrating Central High School Brown v. Board of Education Eisenhower sent troops 22 p872 Martin Luther King, Jr. and Montgomery Bus Boycotts(1955) Martin Luther King, Jr., and His Wife, Coretta, Arrested King and his wife were arrested for the first time in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 while organizing the bus boycott. 23 p872 “Operation Wetback” (1954) Plan to force immigrants back to Mexico Operation Wetback Thousands of illegal Mexican immigrants were forcibly repatriated to Mexico in the federal government’s 1954 roundup operation, which was promoted in part by the Mexican government. The man in this photograph is being pulled across the border by a Mexican official, while an American spectator tries to pull him back into the United States. 24 America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Eisenhower Years: “Pactomania” Containment + “friendly” U.S. organizations across globe = counter communism and Warsaw Pact 25 “Don’t Be Afraid—I Can Always Pull You Back” from Herblock’s Special for Today (Simon & Schuster 1958) NATO (US/Europe) SEATO (SE Asia) CENTO (Middle East) HUAC (US) Eisenhower Years: Rise of Israel (1955) Israel recognized by U.S. After WWII = Arab League not happy, did not join CENTO Bettmann/Corbis 26 p876 Eisenhower Years: Suez War (1956) France, UK, and Israel vs. Egypt, U.S. sided with Egypt (oil = big reason) Nasser & “pan-Arabism” Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, 1954 Shown here greeting exuberant supporters after his election as the first president of the new Egyptian republic, Nasser was long a thorn in the flesh of American and European policymakers anxious to protect the precious oil resources of the Middle East. “Nassarism,” his version of pan-Arabism, won a great following in the Arab world during the 1950s and 1960s. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1954) Pan-Arabism = Anxiety Over Oil Increased 27 America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Eisenhower Years: French Indochina (1950s) Today’s Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, France reclaimed region post-WWII U.S. = 2/3 of aid for French 28 Photoworld Ho Chi Minh “Uncle Ho,” A Man of the People America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Eisenhower Years: Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Mar 1954) French defeated, no U.S. airstrikes = communists begin takeover in Vietnam AP Photo 29 America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Eisenhower Years: Geneva Accords (July 1954) Vietnam divided (Viet Mihn in North, French in South), unification elections later 30 Eisenhower Years: Rise of Ngo Dinh Diem (1954) Leader of South Vietnam (“U.S. puppet”), anti- French and anti-communist To help U.S. become less involved Ngo Dinh Diem: 31 America, 8th Edition Copyright ©