Skin- anatomy of the skin, including histology of both dermis and epidermis: structure, layers, cell types, mitotic activity of stratum basale - skin functions: defense barrier, thermoregulation (negative feedback mechanism) - accessory structures: glands (sweat, sebaceous: secretion mechanisms, secretion products, location on body), hair (just structure of hair, types of skin where hairs are present). -skin pigmentation: cells, mechanism of melanin deposition, function of pigment. - burns: degrees, definitions, extent.
Bones- gross anatomy of bones: classification by shape; gross anatomy of long bones - supporting structures: tendons, ligaments, bursar, tendon sheath - histology of osseous tissue: organic and inorganic matrix, ground substance, protein fibers, role of each. Structure and function of osteons in secondary/lamellar bone. - bone textures: compact, spongy; microanatomical features. - function of red and yellow bone marrow - bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts; functions of each. - ossification: generalities of intramembranous and endochondral mechanisms, body locations of bones that ossify with each mechanism. - bone growth: longitudinal (role of the epiphyseal plates and division of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage); appositional (osteoblast activity that produces additional concentric lamellae). - main factors that control bone growth: hormones (GH, estrogen, testosterone) - regulation of calcium homeostasis (role of thyroid/calcitonin, parathyroid/PTH and the respective negative feedback loops in response to hypo/hypercalcemia).
Joints- joint classification: structural and functional - examples of: suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis - structure of synovial joints: synovial membrane, synovial fluid - classification of synovial joints by axes of movement (uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial) -classification of synovial joints bystructure: ball and socket, saddle, hinges - movements allowed by synovial joints: gliding, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension, etc.
Muscle- gross anatomy of skeletal muscles - microscopic anatomy of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue; structure of the sarcomere (focus on Z discs, M line, A band, I band); thin and thick filaments, proteins that form them. - functions of muscle - properties of muscle tissue/muscle cells - the motor unit (definition, structure, types: fine motor control, coarse motor control) - the neuromuscular junction: structure, function - muscle excitability: electrical properties of the membrane, resting membrane potential, depolarization and repolarization; action potential. - muscle contraction: excitation, excitation-contraction coupling; the cross-bridge cycle; end-plate potentials and function of ACh/ACh receptors, role of voltage-gated Na channels in action potential propagation; role of SR calcium channels and Ca2+ in contraction; role of ATP and myosin activity during X-bridge cycle; the power stroke; factors necessary to sustain the cycle (motoneuron stimulus, ATP availability). - muscle relaxation: role of ACh-esterase, voltage-gated K+ channels, Na+/K+ pump, Ca2+ pump in the SR. - energy sources for muscle contraction: immediate, glycolytic, oxidative. - muscle twitch and generation of muscle tension; understanding the short refractory period of skeletal muscle cells; wave summation (fused vs. unfused tetanus), importance of sarcomere length. - types of fiber; slow vs. fast; type I, types IIa/IIab/IIb; general properties of each.